BTHE 
IBLICAL 

WOIiLD 


MARCH    1906 


^ttUam  aaainej  Harper 


1856-1906 


THE   UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO   PRESS 

CHICAGO  AND   NEW  YORK 


The   Real   Charm   of  Beauty 

is  in  the  complexion— to  be  attractive  it  should  be  clear, 
soft,  velvety  and  healthy.  You  should  make  the  most 
of  what  nature  has  given  you.  A  good  complexion  is 
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The  Biblical  World 

PUBLISHED  MONTHLY 

ESTABLISHED  1882 

The  Hebrew  Student Vols.  I,  II,  1882-1883 

The  Old  Testament  Student Vols.  III-VIII,  1883-1888 

The  Old  and  New  Testament  Student     .     Vols.  IX-XV,     1889-1892 
The  Biblical  World,  New  Series     ....     Vols.  I-XXVI,   1893-1905 

EDITOR  , 

WILLIAM  RAINEY  HARPER 

[Died  January  10,  1906] 

ASSOCIATE  EDITORS 
Ernest  DeWitt  Burton,  Shailer  Mathews,  Ira  Maurice  Price,  Robert  Francis  Harper,  James  Henry  Breasted, 
Clyde  Weber  Votaw,  Herbert  Lockwood  Wii.lett,  Edgar  Johnson  Goodspeed,  Eri  Baker  Hulbert,  Franklin  John- 
son, Charles  Richmond  Henderson,  George  Burman  Foster,   Alonzo  Ketcham  Parker,   John  Wildman  Moncrief, 
Theodore  Gerald  Soares,  Gerald  Birney  Smith,  and  James  Richard  Jewett 

ERNEST  DE  WITT  BURTON,  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Editors 


I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

VI. 

VII. 

VIII. 

IX. 

X. 

XI. 

XII. 

XIII. 

XIV. 

XV. 

XVI. 

XVII. 


XVIII. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

MARCH,    1906 

MEMORIALS    OF   WILLIAM   RAINEY   HARPER 

Frontispiece:     William  Raincy  Harper. 

Editorial        -------...-_...    161 

Biographical  Sketch.     Professor  Francis  W.  Shepardson,  Ph.  D.    -        -        -        -        -     162 

The  Granville  Period.     Chancellor  E.  Benjamin  Andrews,  D.D.,  L.L.D.      -        -        -     167 
The  Morgan  Park  Period.     Professor  Eri  B.  Hulbert,  D.D.  -        -         -        -        -     171 

The  Yale  Period.    Frank  Knight  Sanders,  Ph.D.,  D.D.        -        -        -        -        -        -177 

The  Chicago  Period.     Professor  A.  K.  Parker,  D.D.      -------     182 

In  His  Study.     John  Merlin  Po-wis  Smith,  Ph.D.    -        - -     188 

In  His  Classroom.     Professor  Ira  Maurice  Price,  Ph.D.  -------     192 

196 
200 
204 
209 
216 
220 
223 


In  the  Field  of  Semitic  Scholarship.     Professor  Emil  G.  Hirsch,  Ph.D.,  LL.D. 

As  An  Old  Testament  Interpreter.    Professor  George  Adam  Smith,  D  D.  - 

As  an  Editor.     Professor  Shailer  Mathews,  D.D.     ------- 

In  the  Popularization  of  Bible  Study.  Assistant  Professor  Clyde  W.  Votaw,  Ph.D 
As  University  President.  Professor  Albion  W.  Small,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.  -  -  - 
In  Association  with  His  Colleagues.  Professor  Ernest  D.  Burton,  D.D.  - 
His  Religious  Life.  Professor  Charles  Riifus  Brown,  Ph.D.,  D.D. 
Appreciations.  President  Nicholas  Murray  Butler,  LL.D.;  President  W.  H.  P.  Faunce, 
D.D.,  LL.D.;  Professor  Marcus  Dods,  D.D.;  President  Charles  Cuthbert  Hall,  D.D.,  LL.D.; 
Professor  David  G.  Lyon,  Ph.D.;  President  G.  Stanley  Hall,  LL.D.;  President  Augustus 
H.  Strong,  D.D.,  LL.D.;  Professor  Milton  G.  Evans,  D.D.;  Professor  George  Barker  Stevens, 
D.D.,  LL.D.;  Rev.  Edward  Judson,  D.D. ;  Frank  Billings,  M.D.;  Mr.  Andrew  MacLeish; 
Professor  Frank  Frost  .Abbott,  Ph.D.;  Professor  George  E.  Vincent,  Ph.D.;  Dean  Harry  Pratt 
Judson,  LL.D.;  Professor  T.  C.  Chamberlin,  LL.D.    --------     22 

Bibliography.     Assistant  Professor  Edgar  J.  Goodspeed,  Ph.D.  -----     24 


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A  History  of  Egypt 

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A   POLITICAL   HISTORY   OF   THE   STATE   OF 
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CHRIST  AND  TNE  SABBATH. 

Sabbath  Reform  is  a  religious  question.  It  centers  in 
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by  Jesus,  not  as  a  "Jew,"  but  the  Son  of  God.  Whatever 
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JESUS,  THE  CHRIST  OF  GOD 

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1 

The  Life 
of  Christ 

(CONSTRUCTIVE  BIBLE  STUDIES) 

'  1  ^HIS  BOOK  IS  especially  adapted  for  use 

1        in  the  advanced  classes  of    the   Sunday 

School.      The  arrangement  of  the  work 

necessitates  a  thorough  study  of  the  scripture 

narrative,  and  each  lesson  contains  explanations, 

notes,  and  questions  that  are  invaluable  as  guides 

to  an  intelligent  study  of  the  life  of  Christ. 

Third  edition,  302  pp.,  8vo,  cloth,  $1.00. 

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AMERICAN  MEN  OF  SCIENCE 

A  BIOGRAPHICAL  DIRECTORY 

EDITED  BY  J.  MCKEEN  CATTELL, 

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(7)  Honorary  degrees  and  other  scientific  honors,  (8)  Membership  in  scietitific  and  learned 
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zine  literature  accessible  to  the  every-day  reader — to  show  just  what  the  lead- 
ing periodicals  contain  and  to  indicate  the  general  character  and  scope  of  the 
principal  articles.     It   is  not  a  library  index — there  are  no  confusing  abbrevi- 
ations or  cross-references.     The  arrangement  is  of  the  simplest  and  most  con- 
venient sort,  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  average  busy  reader.     Each   issue  pre- 
sents a  bird's-eye  view  of  the  magazines  of  the  month  that  will  give  one  in  five 
minutes   the   information   hitherto  to  be   obtained  only  by   long   and   tedious 
examination  of  contents-pages  on  the  news-stands. 

^   P  P- ^    1    J%    1           For  a  limited  period,  "WHAT'S  IN  THE  MAGAZINES" 

^D   ^T     CL  \^   \  A\  L       will  be  sent  to  any  reader  of  this  advertisement  for  one 
-^      ^_i      ^M      ^_       p^       year  on  receipt  of  25  cents  in  stamps  or  currency— just 
\J      1          r        ^L       ll       half  the  regular  price. 

THE  DIAL  COMPANY,  TWV^'kT^ 

JUST      PUBLISHED 

The  Finality  of  the 

Christian  Religion 

BY 

GEORGE  BURMAN  FOSTER 

Professor  of  the  Philosophy  of  Religion  in  the 
University  of  Chicago 

A  work  of  profound  interest  to  students  of  religion  is  now  ap- 
pearing in  The  Finality  of  the  Christian  Religion,  by  George 
Burman  Foster.  •The  material  of  the  book  was  first  employed 
by  Professor  Foster  in  a  course  of  lectures  delivered  at  Harvard 
in  1893  ^"<i  1894.  •  So  deeply  were  his  hearers  impressed 
that  they  urged  him  to  give  the  work  permanent  form,  and 
this  he  has  at  length  done.  ^A  high  anthority,  on  reading  the 
advance-sheets,  recently  predicted  that  this  would  prove  to  be 
"the  most  important  religious  book  of  the  generation"  —  that 
it  would  "  occupy  in  theology  a  position  analogous  to  that 
of  Kant's  Critique  in  philosophy."  ^Certainly  no  reader  will  escape 
a  sense  of  sincere  admiration  at  the  power  with  which  the  prob- 
lem is  handled — the  grasp,  the  fearlessness,  the  insight.  •"One  won- 
ders whether  America  has  hitherto  produced  a  thinker  on  religious 
problems    of     this    caliber. 

530  Pages,  8vo.   Cloth.     Net  $4.00.  Postpaid  $4.22. 


tDhe  UNIVERSITY  o/  CHICAGO  PRESS 

CHICAGO    AND     NEW     YORK  3 


THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 


Volume  XXVII  MARCH,  I906  Number  3 


(JJtiitorial 


The  present  issue  of  the  Biblical  World  is  devoted  entirely  to 
articles  commemorative  of  the  hfe  and  work  of  him  to  whom  the 
journal  owes  its  existence,  and  who  from  its  first  issue  to  his  death 
was  its  editor,  Wilham  Rainey  Harper.  The  proceeding  is  exceptional, 
perhaps  unparalleled.  But  to  the  minds  of  those  on  whom  there 
now  falls  the  editorial  responsibiHty  this  course  appears  not  only  jus- 
tified, but  demanded.  The  relation  of  this  journal  to  Dr.  Harper,  of 
whose  brain  and  heart  in  a  peculiar  sense  it  was  the  child,  to  which 
he  had  devoted  thought  and  strength  and  money  without  reserve,  as 
well  as  the  services  which  in  the  last  quarter  of  a  century  he  had  ren- 
dered to  the  cause  of  biblical  study  and  rehgious  education,  make  it 
fitting  that  we  should  employ  the  pages  of  one  issue  in  a  portraiture 
of  the  life  and  character,  and  a  survey  of  the  work,  of  one  who 
throughout  his  career  as  editor  characteristically  kept  his  person- 
ality in  the  background,  subordinating  it  to  the  cause  for  which 
the  journal  stood.  The  verdict  of  history  upon  his  whole  career 
it  is  far  too  early  to  render.  What  we  here  present  must  rather 
be  the  testimony  of  his  contemporaries,  material  for  the  future 
historian. 

Yet  we  who  enjoyed  that  intimate  relation  with  him  into  which 
we  were  brought  through  our  association  with  him  as  our  chief,  must 
here  record  the  strong  affection  which  we  had  for  him,  the  profound 
respect  in  which  we  held  him,  and  the  keen  sense  of  loss  with  which 
we  contemplate  the  fact  that  the  tasks  which  hitherto  we  have  shared 
with  him  we  must  now  seek  to  carry  forward  without  the  inspiration 
of  his  presence  and  the  guidance  of  his  genius. 

161 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH 


FRANCIS  W.  SHEPARDSON 
The  University  of  Chicago 


William  Rainey  Harper  was  born  in  New  Concord,  Muskingum 
County,  Ohio,  July  26,  1856,  and  died  in  Chicago,  January  10,  1906. 
His  ancestors  on  both  sides  of  the  family  were  Scotch-Irish.  His  great- 
grandfather was  Robert  Harper,  who  came  from  Ireland  in  1795  '^^th 
his  wife  Janet,  and  a  son  Samuel  then  aged  fifteen  years.  They 
found  a  home  at  first  in  western  Pennsylvania  with  others  of  that 
hardy  Presbyterian  stock,  the  son  Samuel  removing  after  some  years 
to  a  farm  about  two  miles  north  of  the  village  of  New  Concord,  Ohio. 
In  1848  a  grandson,  also  named  Samuel,  became  a  resident  of  the 
village  near  by,  marrying  Ellen  Elizabeth  Rainey,  a  member  of 
another  family  which,  emigrating  from  Ireland,  had  found  a  home 
first  in  New  York,  and  afterward  in  Cambridge,  Ohio.  The  first- 
born child  of  this  marriage  was  named  Wilham  Rainey  Harper  after 
his  maternal  grandfather. 

Samuel  Harper,  the  father,  a  dry-goods  merchant,  was  a  leading 
citizen  of  the  village,  a  pillar  in  the  United  Presbyterian  church,  and 
a  moving  spirit  in  the  affairs  of  Muskingum  College,  a  small  denomi- 
national school  in  New  Concord.  To  this  institution  the  son  was  sent 
for  his  education,  entering  the  preparatory  department  when  he  was 
eight  years  old.  From  his  earliest  childhood  he  had  been  fond  of 
books.  He  pursued  his  studies  with  avidity,  easily  held  his  own  with 
more  mature  students,  and  was  ready  for  the  freshman  class  at  ten. 
Since  the  school  was  designed  primarily  for  the  training  of  those  who 
were  to  enter  the  ministry  of  the  denomination,  the  study  of  the  Bible 
in  several  languages  was  a  prominent  feature  of  the  curriculum.  And 
it  may  have  been  more  significant  than  anyone  then  thought  that  this 
youthful  student  delivered  his  commencement  oration  in  Hebrew, 
when  he  received  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  arts  at  the  age  of  fourteen. 

For  three  years  after  graduation  he  remained  at  home,  clerking  in 
his  father's  store,  pursuing  favorite  studies  under  tutors,  and,  inci- 

162 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH 


163 


dentally,  leading  the  New  Concord  Cornet  Band,  in  which  capacity 
he  made  a  visit  to  Granville,  in  Licking  County,  which  adjoins  Mus- 
kingum on  the  west,  to  furnish  music  for  the  commencement  exercises 
of  the  class  of  1873  of  Dcnison  University.  In  the  fall  of  that  year 
he  entered  Yale  College  for  graduate  work  in  philology  under  Profes- 
sor William  Dwight  Whitney,  to  whose  inspiration  he  always  felt 
greatly  indebted.  At  nineteen  he  received  the  degree  of  doctor  of  phi- 
losophy from  Yale.  In  the  same  year  he  married  Ella  Paul,  daughter 
of  Rev.  David  Paul,  the  president  of  Muskingum  College  and  his 
first  teacher  in  Hebrew,  and  went  to 
Macon,  Tenn.,  where  he  spent  a  year 
as  principal  of  the  Masonic  College. 
With  this  experience  as  a  teacher  he 
accepted  an  invitation  to  become  a 
tutor  in  the  preparatory  department 
of  Denison  University,  removing  to 
Granville  in  the  fall  of  1876. 

Here  he  came  under  the  inspira- 
tion of  the  president  of  the  college, 
Rev.  E.  Benjamin  Andrews,  the 
second  of  the  great  teachers  who 
influenced  his  life.  A  fortunate  situ- 
ation soon  made  him  principal  of 
the  preparatory  department,  and  the 
two  men,  working  harmoniously  to- 
gether, stirred  the  institution  to  its  depths.  They  introduced  many 
innovations,  quickened  the  intellectual  life  of  their  pupils,  drew  many 
students  to  the  college,  and  exerted  a  wonderful  influence  over  those 
under  them,  making  every  student  of  either  a  friend  for  life.  At 
Granville,  too.  Dr.  Harper  united  with  the  Baptist  church,  thus 
coming  into  connection  with  the  denomination  under  whose  auspices 
he  w^as  to  have  his  great  opportunities  in  the  field  of  education- 
Before  his  plans  for  Granville  Academy  had  really  begun  to  develop, 
he  was  called  to  the  Baptist  Union  Theological  Seminar}'  at  Morgan 
Park,  111.,  where  he  came  under  the  influence  of  a  third  great  teacher, 
Dr.  George  W.  Northrup. 

At  Morgan  Park  he  proceeded  to  carry  out  two  educational  ideas 


A  STUDENT  AT  VALE 


164 


THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 


which  had  taken  firm  hold  upon  his  mind — one  the  behef  in  the  value 
of  the  inductive  method  of  teaching  languages,  and  the  other  the  deter- 
mination to  awaken  fresh  interest  in  Hebrew  by  means  of  instruction 
by  correspondence.  He  wrote  textbooks  for  the  study  of  Hebrew, 
organized  a  correspondence  school  of  Hebrew,  established  periodicals 
called  the  Hebrew  Student  and  Hehraica,  and  started  summer  schools 
of  Hebrew.  In  this  work  he  spent  large  sums  of  money  raised  by 
personal  solicitation,  or  taken  from  his  own  scanty  resources,  often  at 


THE  HOUSE  IN  NEW  CONCORD,  OHIO,  WHERE  WILLIAM  R.  HARPER  WAS  BORN 

much  personal  sacrifice.  At  about  this  time  also  he  began  to  associate 
others  with  himself  in  a  plan  out  of  which  eventually  grew  inductive 
textbooks  in  Latin,  Greek,  and  English. 

Soon  he  was  brought  into  connection  with  the  Chautauqua  system, 
at  first  in  a  minor  way,  then  becoming  principal  of  the  Chautauqua 
College  of  Liberal  Arts,  and  later  principal  of  the  entire  system.  While 
thus  engaged  he  received  a  call  to  the  faculty  of  Yale  University,  and 
before  very  long  was  sustaining  a  dual  relationship  to  that  institution* 
as  professor  of  the  Semitic  languages  and  Woolsey  professor  of  biblical 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH 


165 


literature.  Here  again,  as  at  Granville  and  Morgan  Park  and  Chau- 
tauqua, he  aroused  great  enthusiasm  among  his  pupils,  and  by  means 
of  public  lectures,  delivered  in  the  principal  cities  of  the  country  and 
at  various  colleges,  awakened  a  widespread  interest  in  the  study  of 
the  Bible. 

Then  came  his  career  in  connection  with  the  University  of  Chicago, 
whose  history  during  the  years  of  its  existence  is  largely  the  biography 
of  its  first  president.    Every  detail  of  its  educational  policy  was  worked 


THE  HOME  OF  WILLIAM  R.  HARPER  IN  HIS  BOYHOOD  AND  YOUTH,  NEW 
CONCORD,  OHIO.     STILL  IN  THE  POSSESSION  OF  THE  FAMILY 

out  under  his  careful  supervision;  every  building  bears  his  approving 
stamp;  every  instructor  was  known  by  him  personally  and  received 
appointment  on  his  recommendation.  The  University  was  the  fruition 
of  his  Hfe's  labors.  For  now  that  his  work  is  done  it  is  interesting, 
and  instructive  as  well,  to  see  how  the  hand  of  God  led  him  along  life's 
pathway;  how  each  stage  of  the  journey  seemed  to  prepare  him  for 
the  next.  When  but  a  lad  in  the  little  college  at  home,  he  learned  to 
study  the  Bible  as  part  of  the  curriculum,  and  became  interested  in 
Hebrew.     A  youth,  at  Yale,  he  came  under  the  inspiring  influence  of 


1 66  THE  BIBLICAL   WORLD 

a  trained  specialist,  and  longed  himself  to  become  a  teacher  of  power. 
At  Granville  he  found  connection  with  the  Baptist  denomination,  and 
the  friendship  and  encouragement  of  President  Andrews.  On  the 
recommendation  of  the  latter  he  went  to  Morgan  Park,  found  a  wider 
outlook,  had  better  opportunity  to  carry  out  some  of  his  cherished 
projects,  and  w^on  the  friendship  and  esteem  of  Dr.  Northrup,  who  in 
time  was  to  join  others  in  recommending  him  as  the  one  to  carry 
out  large  ideas  for  education.  His  Chautauqua  connection  was  inval- 
uable, giving  him  wide  acquaintance,  added  experience  as  an  admin- 
istrator, and  surer  conviction  of  the  worth  of  some  of  his  educational 
ideas.  At  Yale  again  he  had  maturer  acquaintance  with  university 
work ;  and  then,  sixteen  years  after  receiving  his  doctor's  degree,  he 
was  ready  to  leave  New  Haven  behind  him  to  undertake  the  great 
life-work  for  which  these  years  had  so  well  prepared  him. 

Others  who  came  into  close  contact  with  him  are  to  tell  of  his  special 
work  in  each  of  the  manifold  activities  of  his  less  than  fifty  years  of 
life.  He  was  an  inspiring  teacher,  a  successful  author,  a  founder  of 
journals,  a  wonderfully  stimulating  lecturer  on  bibhcal  topics,  one  of 
the  greatest  of  American  college  presidents,  a  leading  spirit  in  the 
National  Educational  Association,  the  ReHgious  Education  Associa- 
tion, and  other  organizations  for  advance  in  educational  lines,  a 
religious  leader  who  exerted  vast  influence  in  Sunday-school  circles 
and  in  general  religious  education,  a  patriotic  and  active  citizen,  a 
devoted  parent,  and  a  friendly  and  companionable  man.  But  in 
all  this  Hfe  he  was  pre-eminently  a  teacher.  As  such  he  desired  to 
be  known  and  appreciated.  The  demands  of  his  position  forced 
him  to  become  an  administrator — and  he  was  a  successful  one,  too. 
But,  as  his  life's  work  is  reviewed,  it  is  perfectly  clear  that  the  domi- 
nant note  is  that  of  the  teacher,  and  for  that  he  will  be  remembered 
more  and  more  as  the  years  go  by.  It  would  be  a  noble  life-work 
for  any  man  to  build  the  University  of  Chicago.  It  would  be  suffi- 
cient ground  for  praise  that  one  had  stimulated  his  whole  generation 
to  greater  interest  in  the  Bible.  But,  if  his  own  wish  were  respected, 
the  highest  meed  of  praise  would  be  given  for  his  work  as  a  teacher — 
and  that  will  live  longest,  because  it  will  repeat  itself  forever  in  the 
lives  of  the  many  whom  he  stimulated  to  higher  purpose. 


THE  GRANVILLE   PERIOD 


CHANCELLOR  E.  BENJAMIN  ANDREWS,   LL.D. 
The  University  of  Nebraska 


Mr.  Harper  began  teaching  at  Denison  University,  Granville, 
Ohio,  in  September,  1876,  a  year  after  his  leaving  Yale  with  the 
degree  of  Ph.D.  This  intervening  year  he  had  spent  in  the  service 
of  the  Masonic  College  at  Macon,  Tenn.  His  election  at  Granville 
had  occurred  on  the  nomination  of  Professor  Henry  A.  Rogers, 
who  had  known  him  at  Yale,  and  he  accepted,  it  was  understood, 
in  considerable  part  because  Professor  Rogers  urged  him  to  do  so. 

He  was  to  be  tutor — he  later  became  principal — in  the  prepara- 
tory department  in  the  college,  subsequently  known  as  Granville 
Academy.  It  was  an  arduous  and  responsible  position  for  a  youth 
of  twenty — exactly  his  age  at  his  accession — and  the  young  doctor 
would  not  have  been  intrusted  with  it  had  not  Rogers  formed  and 
expressed  an  exceedingly  high  opinion  of  his  ability. 

At  first  his  youthful  look  and  manner  disconcerted  not  a  few. 
His  predecessors  in  oi^fice  had  been  much  older  men.  Some,  if  not 
all,  of  his  colleagues  were  so.  Indeed,  he  had  a  goodly  number  of 
pupils  who  wTre  his  seniors  by  several  years.  The  standards  of  the 
school  had  always  been  veiy  high.  Its  faculty  had  embraced  as 
accomplished  teachers  as  I  have  ever  known.  Professor  Rogers, 
whom  Harper  succeeded  as  principal,  was  one  of  these.  The  college 
faculty  contained  classical  and  teaching  talent  of  the  first  order, 
not  surpassed  by  any  with  which  I  have  ever  been  acquainted.  In 
a  word,  the  gentlemen  with  whom  Harper  was  thrown  in  contact 
and  compared  upon  coming  to  Granville,  while  able  and  willing  to 
help  him,  were  of  a  character  to  have  discouraged  a  weaker  man. 

This  was  not  the  effect  upon  Harper.  Quite  the  reverse.  With- 
out the  slightest  assumption  or  parade  he  proceeded  to  the  business 
before  him,  which  he  began  to  dispatch  with  such  address  and 
ability  that  all  apprehensions  touching  his  success  presently  disap- 
peared, giving  way  to  high  expectations.     These  in  turn  soon  began 

167 


1 68  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

to  be  fulfilled.  The  man's  second  and  later  years  at  Granville  were 
a  continuous  record  of  such  fulfilment. 

Dr.  Harper  did  not,  at  Granville,  in  all  things  give  promise  of 
the  eminence  which  he  was  destined  to  attain.  He  evinced  no 
propensity  or  talent  for  writing.  He  had,  apparently,  no  over- 
mastering ambition  in  any  particular  direction.  He  certainly  wished 
to  work  into  teaching  the  Semitic  tongues,  if  possible,  but  the  slender 
likeUhood,  at  first,  of  any  opportunity  in  that  direction  did  not 
seem  to  pain  him  acutely,  and  he  addressed  himself  to  the  teaching 
of  Greek  and  Latin,  not  only  with  the  most  unremitting  assiduity, 
but  also,  so  far  as  one  could  see,  with  extreme  pleasure. 

While  always  perfectly  exemplary  in  conduct  and  very  devout, 
he  did  not,  during  the  years  here  under  review,  betray  any  special 
interest  in  theology,  in  biblical  study,  or  in  any  of  the  great  themes 
of  religious  philosophy.  You  would  not  have  picked  him  out  then 
as  likely  to  head  a  department  in  a  theological  faculty,  or  to  dis- 
tinguish himself  as  an  organizer  of  theological  work  in  any  branch. 
His  interests  were  not  speculative,  but  concrete.  So  far  as  I  can 
recall,  he  relished  the  classic  tongues  less  because  of  the  history 
and  literature  to  be  got  at  through  them  than  as  a  field  for  the 
application  of  his  grammatical  knowledge  in  reading  by  himself  and 
in  drilling  others. 

In  view  of  this  non-contemplative  bent  which  Dr.  Harper's  men- 
tality showed,  some,  when  he  was  invited  to  permanent  member- 
ship in  the  faculty  of  the  Seminary  at  Morgan  Park,  urged  him 
against  acceptance.  They  felt  sure  of  his  success  if  he  devoted 
himself  to  classical  teaching,  but  feared  his  relative  failure  and  dis- 
satisfaction if  he  became  a  Semitist  in  a  theological  school.  Had 
the  call  then  come  which  subsequently  carried  him  to  Yale,  all 
would  have  bidden  him  to  accept;  but  at  the  time  of  his  going  to 
Morgan  Park  Semitic  studies  had  nowhere  begun  to  be  cultivated 
as  part  of  a  liberal  discipline. 

It  was  at  Granville  that  Dr.  Harper  took — or  renewed — his  stand 
as  a  Christian  man.  I  dare  say  he  regarded  himself  a  believer  be- 
fore this;  but,  I  should  think,  did  not  regard  as  of  great  seriousness 
any  religious  profession  he  might  have  made  earlier.  He  desired 
baptism    by   immersion,   reaching   this    purpose    entirely    through 


THE  GRANVILLE  PERIOD  169 

thought  of  his  own,  not  at  all  by  others'  exhortation.  It  was  the 
writer's  privilege  to  be  his  attendant  in  making  preparation  for  the 
ordinance,  and  during  and  after  the  same. 

In  this  episode  of  his  experience  already  appeared  the  Harper  of 
later  life.  There  was  no  period  of  wavering,  of  alternate  advance 
and  retreat.  Duty  made  itself  known  clearly,  and  was  performed 
with  promptness  and  decision. 

Still  more  prophetic  of  what  it  was  to  be  at  his  maturity  was 
Harper's  early  teaching.  Teaching  was  his  delight,  and  his  meat 
and  drink.  He  looked  forward  to  each  class  period  as  to  a  feast. 
Teaching  did  not  weary  or  cloy  him.  Before  his  class  his  mind 
and  his  body  also  were  all  activity.  His  thought  was  instantaneous 
Question  or  correction  followed  answers  hke  a  flash.  He  would 
scrutinize  with  precision  half  a  dozen  pupils'  several  work  at  the 
blackboard,  hinting,  warning,  correcting,  praising,  gently  ridiculing, 
while  at  the  same  time  attending  to  recitation  after  recitation  by 
other  members  of  the  class.  His  comments  were  clear,  concise, 
exact,  and  helpful,  calculated  to  inspire  and  encourage,  and  not  to 
depress.  His  own  knowledge,  always  ample,  ready,  and  precise,  was 
never  paraded,  though  always  apparent  in  spite  of  him,  and  admired 
by  everyone. 

It  was  model  teaching.  Bright  pupils  shot  forward  phenomenally ; 
dull  ones  made  good  progress.  All  worked  to  the  best  of  their 
ability,  made  to  share  what  seemed  to  be  their  teacher's  conviction 
that,  unless  they  became  efficient  classicists,  some  terrible  fate  cer- 
tainly awaited  them — in  this  world  at  any  rate,  and  possibly  here- 
after. No  scolding  was  used,  no  mean  sarcasm.  Diligence,  atten- 
tion, punctuality,  and  hard  study  were  expected  as  matters  of  course, 
and  were  consequently  forthcoming. 

Like  every  true  teacher,  Principal  Harper  took  a  deep  interest 
in  his  pupils.  He  loved  them.  Not  alone  their  progress  in  study 
engaged  his  thought,  but  their  manners  and  morals  as  well.  Hence 
not  alone  the  briUiant  boys,  whom  he  praised  and  idolized,  cherished 
strong  affection  for  him,  but  the  slower  ones  as  well,  all  being  certain 
that  he  was  seeking  their  good,  and  that  naught  but  good  could  come 
from  compliance  with  his  precepts.  Under  such  a  master,  drill  could 
not  mean  drudgery,  or  obedience  slavery. 


I70  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

Once  several  of  Dr.  Harper's  students  fell  to  visiting  a  saloon. 
Informed  of  this,  and  determined  to  end  the  habit,  Dr.  Harper  in 
person  "  raided  "  the  saloon,  finding  a  number  of  the  culprits,  whom 
he  duly  admonished,  taking  occasion  also  to  give  the  proprietor  a 
piece  of  his  mind. 

The  above  paragraphs  pave  the  way  for  the  remark  that  already 
in  his  Granville  days  Dr.  Harper  was  an  extraordinary  disciplinarian. 
Student  rows  were  never  a  feature  of  his  administration.  This  was 
partly  because  his  pupils  loved  him,  partly  because  he  gave  them 
plenty  of  work,  and  most  of  all  because  his  air  and  manner  spread 
a  genial  seriousness  through  the  entire  student  body.  No  American 
educator  has,  I  think,  handled  so  great  a  number  of  students  as  Dr. 
Harper  did,  with  so  little  friction. 

Assistants  as  well  as  students  felt  and  yielded  to  this  quiet, 
natural  mastery.  There  was  nothing  of  the  "  boss "  about  Dr. 
Harper.  He  did  not  dictate  or  lay  down  the  law,  but  got  his  wishes 
obeyed  through  reason,  argument,  and  that  indefinable  force  char- 
acterizing all  natural  leaders,  well  denominated  the  power  of  "bring- 
ing things  to  pass."  This  aspect  of  Mr.  Harper's  many-sided 
nature  was  clearly  in  evidence  early  in  his  Granville  period.  So 
also  were  his  incessant  industry,  his  titanic  power  for  toil,  and  his 
scrupulous  method  in  all  his  work. 

In  1878,  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Morgan  Park  being  un- 
expectedly in  need  of  instruction  in  Hebrew,  midyear  Dr.  Harper 
was  mentioned  as  able  to  supply  this  lack.  Overtures  were  made 
to  him,  and  by  him  accepted,  subject  to  approval  by  the  Denison 
trustees.  The  plan  was  that  he  should  spend  the  winter  at  Morgan 
Park,  returning  to  Granville  after  the  seminary  closed  in  April,  to 
complete  the  year's  work  at  the  academy.  With  a  great  deal 
of  reluctance,  making  this  decision  by  them  a  cardinal  event  in 
Harper's  career,  the  Denison  authorities  acceded  to  the  arrange- 
ment. For  the  remainder  of  the  year  the  understanding  was  that 
Harper's  main  work  lay  at  Granville,  and  that  he  was  aiding  at 
Chicago  only  in  a  temporary  way.  Little  by  little,  however,  his 
relation  with  the  seminary  he  was  serving  so  well  became  sub- 
stantive, and  it  could  not  spare  him.  The  transference  thither  of  his 
entire  activity  was  but  a  matter  of  time,  to  occur  so  soon  as  Denison 
could  make  shift  to  spare  him. 


THE    MORGAN    PARK   PERIOD 


ERI  B.  HULBERT 
Thj  University  of  Chicago 


In  the  minutes  of  the  Board  of  the  Theological  Union  covering  our 
period  the  first  and  last  entries  referring  to  Dr.  Harper  are  as  follows: 

June  i8,  1878.  Dr.  Northrup  presented  the  name  of  W.  R.  Harper  as  a 
suitable  person  to  fill  the  vacancy  in  the  Seminary  in  the  department  of  Hebrew. 

May  12,  1886.  The  resignation  of  Professor  W.  R.  Harper  was  read  and 
regretfully  accepted. 

His  term  of  service  began  January  i,  1879,  and  continued  through 
seven  and  one-half  years.  A  youth  of  twenty-two,  he  came  as  an 
instructor,  but  a  little  later  was  advanced  to  the  full  professorship.  At 
first  his  salary  was  $800,  then  $1,000,  then  $1,800. 

If  we  were  seeking  a  phrase  which  would  fitly  describe  him  in  his 
Morgan  Park  career,  we  should  call  him  a  young,  enthusiastic  Hebra- 
ist. It  is  to  be  noted  that  his  earlier  special  scholastic  training  had 
been  in  philology;  that,  if  language  be  excepted,  he  had  never  taken  a 
lesson  in  any  branch  of  theological  learning;  that  he  was  called  to  Mor- 
gan Park  specifically  to  teach  the  Hebrew  tongue;  and  that  through 
his  stay  he  followed  his  linguistic  bent  and  held  himself  for  the  most 
part  to  the  task  assigned  him.  In  those  days  the  two  biblical  profes- 
sors happened  to  be  hnguists  and  little  more ;  and  so  the  one  taught  the 
Hebrew  text  of  the  Old  Testament,  and  the  other  the  Greek  text  of  the 
New,  drilling  their  students  in  forms  and  vocabularies,  syntax  and 
etymology,  and  beyond  this  giving  only  minor  attention  to  either  Testa- 
ment. If  in  theory  this  drill  was  the  means  to  a  higher  end,  the  means 
filled  the  foreground  almost  to  the  hiding  of  everything  else.  In  after- 
years  Dr.  Harper's  vision  broadened;  but  at  this  period  he  was  chiefly 
a  boundlessly  enthusiastic  Hebraist,  with  all  the  excellencies,  and  some 
of  the  defects,  of  such  a  character. 

At  the  beginning  his  enthusiasm  spent  itself  in  his  regular  seminary 
class  work.  He  was  in  charge  of  a  department,  and  he  magnified  his 
office.     He  had  before  him  a  company  of  young  men  to  whom  it  was 

171 


172 


THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 


his  bounden  duty  to  impart  the  knowledge  of  a  foreign  tongue.  With 
crayon  and  blackboard  through  the  eye  he  printed  its  hieroglyphics  on 
their  brains.  Singly  and  in  concert  he  taught  them  the  unfamiliar 
Hebrew  sounds.  x\lert,  patient,  tactful,  untiring,  he  bent  his  energies 
to  his  single  purpose,  persistently  bringing  to  bear  his  rare  inteUigence, 
his  matchless  methods,  his  illuminating  genius,  his  resistless  will.     In 


PROFESSOR  AT  MORGAN  PARK 

the  first  hour,  with  the  printing  of  a  few  Hebrew  characters  on  the 
board,  his  men  began  to  catch  his  spirit,  and  ere  long  he  had  them  in 
his  grip.  His  own  enkindled  and  kindhng  fervor  swept  them  on  with 
an  impetuosity  which  knew  no  faltering.  Such  were  the  singleness 
and  exclusiveness  of  his  aim  that  neighboring  interests  were  left  un- 
noted. He  was  little  mindful  of  the  bodily  welfare  of  his  students; 
of  their  undue  attention  to  a  single  study;  of  their  neglect  of  other 
branches;  of  the  consequent  lack  of  balance  in  their  clerical  training; 
of  the  ill  effect  of  this  on  their  future  ministry.     These  were  responsi- 


THE  MORGAN  PARK  PERIOD  173 

bilities  which  he  did  not  heed,  or  which  he  shifted  to  the  students  them- 
selves. If  the  less  impulsive,  forecasting  their  future  needs,  steadied 
themselves,  it  was  not  because  the  caution  came  from  their  ardent  and 
impelHng  professor.  ]\Iany  indeed  did  not  then  see,  and  do  not  even 
yet  see,  that  their  ministerial  preparation  would  have  been  more  wisely 
made  if  their  devotion  to  linguistics  had  been  less  excessive.  Their 
instructor  in  after-years,  with  vision  clarified  and  judgment  matured, 
went  so  far  as  to  make  Hebrew  itself  an  optional  study.  Youthful 
enthusiasm  later  reflection  sobered  and  regulated. 

At  the  end  of  two  years  Dr.  Harper  found  that  his  superabounding 
zeal  could  not  work  itself  off  in  regular  classes  in  term  time.  The  im- 
pulse seized  him  to  utiUze  the  vacation  periods.  In  1881,  in  the  semi- 
nary lecture-rooms,  he  opened  the  first  of  his  famous  summer  schools, 
which  were  held  thereafter  year  by  year  regularly.  One  summer  a 
second  school  was  conducted  at  Worcester,  Mass.,  to  meet  New  Eng- 
land's needs,  and  the  following  summer  a  second  school  at  New  Haven, 
and  yet  a  third  in  Philadelphia  appealed  to  a  still  wider  constituency. 
At  the  first,  language  study  dominated  everything.  Think  of  a  class 
of  beginners  in  Hebrew  reciting  four  hours  a  day,  and  five  days  in  the 
week,  and  through  a  stretch  of  ten  weeks.  Think  of  the  heavy  dis- 
count on  eating,  sleeping,  exercise,  rest,  and  recreation  which  this 
prolonged  memory  tug  and  this  unremitting  mental  tension  neces- 
sarily exacted.  Think  of  the  magnetic  or  hypnotic  power  of  a  teacher 
who  could  entice  a  crowd  of  graybeards  and  youth,  of  pastors  and 
students,  of  parents  and  their  children,  of  matrons  and  young  girls, 
into  such  a  class.  In  the  later  schools  this  incessant  grind  was  some- 
what relieved  by  a  morning  chapel  service  and  by  an  afternoon  popu- 
lar lecture.  In  the  second  summer  an  imported  eastern  Hebrew 
professor  aided  a  class  of  advanced  students  in  making  a  new  transla- 
tion of  Malachi.  This  was  printed  and  scattered  far  and  wide  in  proof 
of  the  utihty  of  summer  schools.  In  subsequent  sessions  exegetical 
work  was  undertaken  and  popular  features  were  introduced,  which 
tended  somewhat  to  break  the  monotony  and  to  liven  up  the  schedule. 

The  time  drew  on  apace  when  our  young  enthusiast  could  not  con- 
tent himself  with  seminary  classes  and  summer  schools.  He  saw 
somewhere  a  notice  to  the  effect  that  some  rabbi  proposed  to  teach 
Hebrew  by  correspondence.     Forthwith,  with  an  electric  pen,  he  drew 


174  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

up  a  series  of  lessons,  and  importuned  the  ministers  whom  he  knew 
to  begin  or  review  their  Hebrew.  The  next  year  the  lesson-shps 
were  printed,  and  names  and  addresses  of  clergymen  of  the  various 
denominations  were  gleaned  from  the  ecclesiastical  yearbooks,  and 
alluring  circulars  were  sent  broadcast  over  the  land  inviting  to  the 
study  or  the  restudy  of  the  language  of  the  Old  Testament.  The 
renaissance  had  come  indeed,  and  its  inspiring  genius,  unable  to 
handle  it  singly,  called  to  his  aid  his  more  capable  students  and  other 
helpers.  The  expanding  work  crowded  him  out  of  his  private  library 
into  larger  quarters,  and  thence  into  a  vacant  store  which  he  rented  in 
the  village.  There  fonts  of  Hebrew  type  and  outfits  for  compositors, 
bookkeepers  and  proofreaders,  lesson-correctors  and  business  ex- 
ploiters, were  installed;  and  the  village  postmaster  attained  a  higher 
postal  rank  by  reason  of  increasing  traffic  and  the  sale  of  stamps.  The 
awakened  interest  created  the  demand  for  better  study-helps.  The 
Elements  of  Hebrew  had  appeared  in  1881;  Hebrew  Vocabularies,  in 
1882.  Out  of  the  lesson-slips,  made  at  first  with  an  electric  pen, 
grew  a  printed  pamphlet  entitled  Lessons  of  the  Elementary  Course, 
which  later,  combined  with  the  Hebrew  Manual,  became  the  Hebrew 
Method  and  Manual,  now  so  extensively  used. 

This  business  of  promoting  Hebrew,  so  auspiciously  begun  and  so 
•rapidly  extending,  could  not  get  on  without  an  organ.  The  new  jour- 
nal was  christened  the  Hebrew  Student,  later  named  the  Old  Testament 
Student,  later  still  the  Old  and  New  Testament  Student,  and  in  these 
last  days  the  Biblical  World.  The  Hebrew  Student  was  popular  in 
character;  to  meet  the  more  technical  linguistic  needs,  Hebraica 
was  launched,  afterward  renamed  the  American  Journal  of  Semitic 
Languages  and  Literatures. 

Were  these  various  enterprises  in  which  our  Semitic  enthusiast 
embarked  money-making  schemes  ?  On  the  contrary,  they  were 
money-losing.  A  mercenary  thought  never  entered  the  promoter's 
mind ;  he  was  toiling  for  the  public  good,  and  his  only  use  for  money 
was  to  advance  the  cause.  So  friends  were  solicited  to  render  finan- 
cial aid;  stock  companies  were  formed,  and  shares  were  sold;  and  into 
the  pool  went  the  professor's  own  money,  and  all  he  could  beg  and 
borrow. 

To  round  out  the  great  endeavor  and  make  it  in  every  way  complete 


THE  MORGAN  PARK  PERIOD  I75 

one  thing  more  was  needed.  With  the  machinery  for  making  trained 
Hebraists  running  smoothly  and  successfully,  its  originator  plainly 
foresaw  that  a  market  for  the  finished  product  must  be  created.  He 
thereupon  evolved  the  idea  of  establishing  Hebrew  and  Bible  chairs 
in  all  the  colleges  of  the  land;  and  to  his  aspiring  pupils  there  came 
in  consequence  the  alluring  vision  of  useful  and  lucrative  positions. 
It  would  seem  that  Christian  colleges,  glorying  in  the  Bible  as  their 
very  corner-stone,  could  not  be  induced  to  put  Hebrew  on  a  par  with 
Greek  and  Latin,  nor  to  raise  the  Sacred  Scriptures  to  the  same  dignity 
with  the  pagan  classics;  and  it  would  also  seem  that  the  students  m 
training  for  these  college  chairs,  soon  to  be  established,  had  to  content 
themselves  for  the  most  part  with  plain  country  pastorates. 

It  must  not  be  inferred  that  Dr.  Harper  during  his  residence  in 
Morgan  Park  was  wholly  engrossed  with  Hebrew  and  its  cognates. 
He  found  ample  time  for  all  sorts  of  duties  in  no  wise  related  to  his 
favorite  pursuit.  No  member  of  the  faculty  was  more  ready  to  take 
his  share  of  the  miscellaneous  routine  tasks  of  the  Seminary.  In  the 
church  of  which  he  was  a  member  he  was  successively  clerk,  deacon, 
treasurer,  finance-committee  man,  and  Sunday-school  superintend- 
ent. Lack  of  time  was  never  urged  in  plea  against  an  interest  needing 
his  aid.  The  most  notable  proof  that  his  chosen  vocation  did  not 
exhaust  his  energies  or  his  sympathies,  that  time  hung  heavy  on  his 
hands,  and  that  he  was  pining  for  something  to  do,  is  found  in  the  fact 
that  he  was  both  able  and  willing  to  assume  the  responsibihties  and 
burdens  incident  to  becoming  the  principal  of  the  Chautauqua  College 
of  Liberal  Arts,  a  position  he  filled  so  well  that  a  few  years  after  leav- 
ing Morgan  Park  that  whole  vast  enterprise  was  committed  to  his 
guiding  genius  when  he  was  made  principal  of  the   Chautauqua 

System. 

The  Morgan  Park  period,  with  its  origination  and  experiment,  is 
in  a  sense  the  key  to  Dr.  Harper's  later  career.  Those  days  of  heroic 
struggle  witnessed  the  uncertain  beginnings  of  educational  ideas  which 
afterward,  proved  and  developed,  became  corner-stones  of  the  univer- 
sity which  he  built.  The  Institute  of  Hebrew  with  its  correspondence 
teaching  convinced  him  of  the  efficacy  of  such  instruction,  and  has 
its  counterpart  today,  not  only  in  the  Institute  of  Sacred  Literature, 
but  in  the  whole  correspondence  work  of  the  University.     With  the 


176  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

Publication  Society  of  Hebrew,  with  its  printing-office  and  its  journals, 
he  satisfied  himself  of  the  essential  importance  in  educational  leader- 
ship of  such  a  department  of  publication  as  the  University  Press  now 
is.  His  summer  schools  live  again  in  the  Summer  Quarter  of  the 
University;  and  of  many  universities;  and  his  principle  of  concen- 
tration in  study  is  recognizable  in  the  whole  system  of  major  and 
minor  courses  and  subjects.  Indeed,  the  Morgan  Park  period,  com- 
paratively obscure  as  it  may  now  seem,  yields  to  no  period  of  his  hfe 
in  creative  activity,  which  is  the  more  remarkable  as  he  had  then  no 
powerful  friends  to  sustain  his  enterprises,  and  was  himself  under 
thirty  years  of  age.  The  heavy  burdens  of  work  and  responsibihty 
which  he  then  so  eagerly  assumed  and,  single-handed,  against  great 
odds,  carried  to  success,  constitute  these  days  the  heroic  period  of 
his  life. 

This  brief  survey  of  the  Morgan  Park  period  reveals  Dr.  Harper 
in  the  making.  He  was  not  then  the  man  he  subsequently  became, 
but  the  promise  and  the  potency  were  there.  He  had  not  yet  attained, 
but  he  was  on  his  way  to  all  we  know  and  admire  and  love. 


THE  YALE  PERIOD 


FRANK  KNIGHT  SANDERS,  PH.D.,  D.D. 
Boston,  Mass. 


When  Professor  Harper  came  from  Morgan  Park  to  New  Haven 
as  professor  of  Semitic  languages  at  Yale  University,  in  the  fall  of 
1886,  at  the  very  beginning  of  the  administration  of  President  Timothy 
Dwight,  he  had  that  in  which  his  soul  dehghted — a  creative  oppor- 
tunity. There  were  traditions  which  favored  the  establishment  of 
such  a  chair,  inherited  from  the  oriental  studies  and  collections  of 
Professor  Salisbury,  and  enforced  by  the  eminence  and  active  sym- 
pathy of  Professor  Whitney  in  Indo-European  languages.  More- 
over, for  many  years  Professor  Day,  in  the  theological  school,  had 
given  instruction  to  divinity  men  and  others  in  Hebrew,  Aramaic, 
and  Syriac.  Yet  a  real  department  of  Semitic  languages  awaited 
organization. 

It  was  at  a  fortunate  and  timely  juncture.  With  the  administra- 
tion of  President  Dwight  began  the  real  and  rapid  expansion  of  Yale 
College,  and  of  the  schools  which  had  grown  up  around  it  into  a  true 
university.  With  these  growing  ideals  Professor  Harper  was  in  strong 
sympathy.  He  threw  himself  with  stirring  enthusiasm  into  his  work, 
making  himself  almost  at  a  bound  the  center  of  a  group  of  earnest 
students.  He  was  appointed  instructor  in  Hebrew  at  the  Divinity 
School,  and  succeeded  in  infusing  within  a  few  days  an  enthusiasm 
for  the  subject  among  the  members  of  the  large  junior  class.  Of  this 
class  I  was  myself  a  member.  To  us  all  his  methods  and  his  ambi- 
tions were  a  revelation,  and  his  leadership  was  so  inspiring  that  the 
hours  of  study  which  he  demanded  were  given  as  a  matter  of  course 
and  with  great  heartiness. 

Besides  the  fifty  or  more  theological  students  who  quickly  began 
to  follow  his  leading,  he  had,  during  that  first  year,  seven  graduate 
students  who  were  giving  all  or  a  large  proportion  of  their  time, 
under  his  direction,  to  the  Semitic  languages.  He  offered  eight  hours 
of  Hebrew,  four  of  x\ssyrian,  four  of  Arabic,  and  one  each  of  Aramaic 
and  Svriac. 


lyS 


THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 


He  also  re-established  in  New  Haven,  bringing  the  necessary 
staff  with  him'from  IMorgan  Park,  the  American  Institute  of  Hebrew, 
an  organization  of  which  he  was  the  principal,  established  to  promote 
correspondence  instruction  in  Hebrew  and  other  Semitic  languages. 

With  the  following  year  several  important  advances  were  made. 
His  brother.  Dr.  Robert  F.  Harper,  joined  him  as  an  instructor  in 
Semitic'_languages.     Between  them  they  offered  thirteen  hours  of 


PROFESSOR  AT  YALK 


Hebrew,  six  hours  of  Assyrian,  four  hours  of  Arabic,  two  hours  of 
Aramaic  and  Syriac,  and  one  hour  of  Ethiopic.  One  untechnical 
course,  entitled  "Hebrew  and  Other  Semitic  Literature,"  offered  to 
undergraduates,  presaged  the  historical  courses  soon  to  come  in 
rapid^succession.  Only  one  more  graduate  student  was  registered, 
but  at  least  two-thirds  of  the  theological  men  were  giving  a  large 
proportion  of  their  time  and  energy  to  his  courses. 

In  the  fall  of  1887,  if  my  recollection  serves  me  right — possibly 
in  the  following  spring — an  event   took  place  which  made  a  very 


THE   YALE  PERIOD  179 

important  change  in  his  plans  and  constituency.  A  convention  was 
held  at  Yale  of  representatives  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associ- 
ations of  the  colleges  of  New  England.  Professor  Harper  was  invited 
to  address  the  convention  on  the  study  of  the  English  Bible.  So  strong 
were  his  strictures  on  the  ignorance  of  the  average  college  man  regard- 
ing the  Bible,  and  so  clear  was  his  vision  of  what  ought  to  be  done, 
that  the  convention  voted  to  invite  him  to  prepare  a  series  of  inductive 
Bible  studies  for  the  use  of  college  men.  He  saw  the  opportunity 
thus  opening  before  him,  and  with  characteristic  promptness  his 
organizing  activity  began.  He  offered  for  1888-89  to  undergradu- 
ates a  two-hour  course  in  the  English  Bible  on  the  "Old  Testament 
Wisdom  Literature."  He  began  a  regular  weekly  university  lecture 
course  on  "Old  Testament  History."  In  response  to  a  special  appeal, 
he  delivered  a  long  course  of  lectures  to  the  public  of  New  Haven. 
He  broadened  the  scope  of  the  Institute  of  Hebrew  to  include  corre- 
spondence instruction  in  the  Enghsh  Bible,  giving  the  new  organiza- 
tion the  title  of  "The  American  Institute  of  Sacred  Literature."  The 
first  correspondence  course  in  the  English  Bible  ever  used  was  a 
course  which  he  himself  prepared  on  Samuel,  Saul,  David,  and  Solo- 
mon. It  was  printed  in  the  Old  Testament  Student,  of  which  he 
was  editor.  It  was  not  wholly  successful  as  a  course  for  students, 
since  it  called  for  an  undue  proportion  of  time ;  but  as  a  course  for 
an  individual  student  or  for  a  class,  under  correspondence  instruction, 
it  met  with  great  approval.  Meanwhile,  the  Semitic  work  was  not 
neglected.  The  graduate  students  in  the  Semitic  department  almost 
doubled  in  number,  the  instructors  were  increased  to  four,  and  the 
courses  offered  covered  a  wide  field. 

In  1889  the  Woolsey  professorship  of  biblical  literature  was  estab- 
lished, and  Dr.  Harper  became  the  first  incumbent.  This  year  he 
introduced  a  course  in  Enghsh  on  "Prophetical  Literature,"  which 
drew  a  tremendous  following  in  the  university,  from  undergraduates, 
divinity  men,  and  graduate  students  aUke.  It  was  a  memorable 
experience,  epoch-making  for  many  an  earnest  student.  At  the 
same  time  a  university  series  on  "The  Origin  and  Contents  of  the 
Psalter"  was  largely  attended. 

By  1890-91  the  new  work  in  the  English  Bible  in  the  university 
had  become  thoroughly  systematized  on  a  tri-yearly  plan.     A  course 


l8o  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

was  given  on  "Legal  Literature,"  in  the  series  including  "Propheti- 
cal and  Wisdom  Literature;"  a  course  was  given  on  "Early  Hebrew 
Traditions  and  Institutions,"  in  the  series  which  covered  "Hebrew 
History."  Two  clubs  were  founded — the  Semitic  Club  for  lectures 
and  discussions,  and  the  Hebrew  Club  for  reading  the  Hebrew  Bible 
through  together  every  three  years. 

By  this  time  the  department  of  Semitic  languages  at  Yale  used 
the  services  of  four  additional  instructors,  and  had  attracted  a  group 
of  twenty-five  graduate  students,  in  addition  to  instructing  not  less 
than  two  hundred  other  students  in  the  university,  and  many  out- 
siders. Professor  Harper  was  overwhelmed  with  invitations  to  speak 
on  Bible  study,  and  did  in  fact  exert  a  widespread  formative  influence 
in  the  shaping  of  pubhc  sentiment  in  its  favor.  This  activity  did 
not  come  to  an  end  with  his  removal  from  the  university,  nor  did  the 
department  fall  to  pieces.  His  organizing  genius  was  adequate  for 
permanence. 

Professor  Harper  did  not  readily  yield  his  place  in  the  hearts  of 
Yale  men  and  of  the  community.  He  was  happy  in  his  work,  and 
foresaw  a  rapidly  widening  influence  in  it,  which  appealed  to  him. 
The  call  to  the  still  larger  responsibility  and  opportunity  at  Chicago 
was  reviewed  in  all  its  possible  aspects  for  months  before  it  was 
accepted.  No  man  ever  assumed  a  duty  with  a  clearer  conception 
of  the  necessity  of  foregoing  the  rewards  that  are  assured  for  the 
sake  of  the  achievements  that  may  be  made. 

Dr.  Harper  left  behind  him  at  Yale  a  host  of  happy  memories 
He  was  popularly  regarded  as  a  man  who  needed  no  sleep.  How- 
ever belated  the  campus  student,  a  beacon  light  shone  out  from  his 
study  in  North  College.  However  early  one  arose,  the  light  was 
there. 

Busy  as  he  was  with  his  multifarious  interests,  he  never  lacked 
the  time  for  a  friendly  chat.  Those  interviews  with  him  late  at  night, 
when  others  were  asleep,  have  marked  the  beginning  of  a  more  serious 
life,  and  a  more  wholesome  and  sacrificial  ambition,  for  many  a  man 
at  Yale.  He  was  too  great  a  man  and  too  real  a  leader  to  discourage 
any  form  of  aspiration.  His  pohcy  with  subordinates  and  pupils 
alike  was  to  give  each  man  his  largest  chance  and  to  urge  him  to 
make  a  record. 


THE   YALE  PERIOD  l8i 

In  his  five  years  at  Yale  Dr.  Harper  revealed  his  power  and  genius 
as  a  teacher.  With  all  his  great  administrative  gifts  he  was  pre- 
eminently a  molder  and  leader  of  thoughtful  men.  It  was  never  his 
method  to  bend  their  purposes  to  his  by  emphasizing  his  own  ideas, 
but  rather  to  draw  out  from  them  an  expression  of  their  own  convic- 
tions or  opinions,  and,  making  these  a  starting-point,  tactfully  to 
draw  them  on  to  his  own  larger  and  wiser  point  of  view.  He  loved 
to  recognize  and  honor  a  productive  mind,  yet  never  failed  to  urge 
that  mind  to  its  severest  and  noblest  efforts.  His  unquenchable 
enthusiasm  for  the  theme  which  occupied  his  attention  at  any  one 
time,  and  his  habit  of  concentrating  his  whole  personality  into  its 
consideration,  gave  him  great  power  as  a  teacher.  In  a  very  brief 
space  of  time  he  aroused  a  genuine  enthusiasm  for  Hebrew  among 
the  divinity  men,  traditionally  hardened  against  it.  In  even  less 
time  he  challenged  the  interest  and  secured  the  steady  loyalty  of  a 
large  group  of  college  men  for  the  Bible  viewed  historically.  This 
concentrating  habit  made  him  a  valued  friend.  When  a  student 
called  upon  him  in  his  study,  he  made  the  visitor  feel  at  once  that  he 
regarded  the  visit  as  an  honor  and  an  opportunity,  and  that  he 
would  rather  see  him  just  then  than  anyone  else  in  the  world. 
Not  one  man  in  a  thousand  can  be  thus  prodigal  of  his  time.  It  was 
possible  to  Dr.  Harper  because  he  laid  supreme  value  on  this  informal 
contact  with  men,  and  because  he  worked  while  others  slept. 

Dr.  Harper's  life  at  Yale  was  quickly  over.  After  five  years  he 
resigned  his  two  chairs  of  instruction  and  the  instructorship  in  Hebrew, 
to  enter  upon  the  task  of  founding  the  great  university  with  which 
his  name  will  be  predominantly  associated.  He  left  behind  him  a 
promising  department,  which  has  continued  to  make  itself  felt, 
traditions  of  scholarship  and  enterprise  which  have  never  been  sur- 
passed, and  the  memory  of  a  rich,  tactful,  generous,  friendly  person- 
ality, "built  large  and  deep,"  which  will  long  remain  as  a  working 
ideal  for  his  loyal  pupils  of  that  half-decade. 


THE  CHICAGO  PERIOD 


A.  K.  PARKER 

The  University  of  Chicago 


At  the  second  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  University 
of  Chicago,  held  September  i8,  1890,  a  nominating  committee  re- 
ported recommending  as  president  of  the  new  university  Professor 
WilUam  Rainey  Harper,  of  Yale.  "The  report  was  adopted,"  says 
the  minute-book  of  the  board,  "  and  Dr.  Harper  was  elected  by  a 
unanimous  and  a  rising  vote."  Professor  Harper  asked  that  he  might 
be  allowed  to  withhold  his  answer  for  six  months.  His  letter  of  accept- 
ance was  dated  New  Haven,  February  16,  1891,  and  he  entered  for- 
mally upon  his  new  duties  on  the  first  day  of  July  in  the  same  year. 

Alluring  indeed  was  the  creative  opportunity  offered  him  in  Chi- 
cago. A  university  was  to  be  built  from  the  ground  up,  most  fortu- 
nately located  just  within  the  limits  of  a  great  city,  assured  of  ample 
resources,  and  subject  only  to  the  conditions  that  two-thirds  of  the 
trustees  were  to  be  Baptists,  and  that  the  Baptist  Union  Theological 
Seminary  at  Morgan  Park  was  to  be  its  divinity  school.  To  the  young 
president  these  conditions  were  in  no  sense  restrictions.  They  were 
assurances  rather  that  it  was  to  be  his  privilege  to  work  in  a  familiar 
and  welcome  companionship,  and  with  a  free  hand.  Precedents  for 
the  vast  undertaking  to  which  he  was  committed  there  were  none. 
But  if  traditions  to  guide  him  were  wanting,  neither  were  there  any 
to  hamper.  The  doors  of  the  old  University  had  now  been  closed  five 
years,  and  the  acrimonious  debate  over  what  it  had  done,  and  what  it 
had  failed  to  do,  had  quite  died  out.  A  considerable  body  of  its 
alumni,  who  might  otherwise  have  stood  apart  from  the  new  insti- 
tution, unsympathetic  and  critical,  were  promptly  and  generously 
adopted  by  it,  and  became  at  once  its  cordial  and  loyal  supporters. 
The  jest  was  current  in  those  early  days  that  the  University  manu- 
factured its  immemorial  customs  while  its  walls  were  building,  and 
boasted  an  organized  body  of  alumni  and  a  professor  emeritus  before 
its  first  freshman  class  was  enrolled. 

182 


THE  CHICAGO  PERIOD 


183 


The  scheme  of  organization  of  the  University  of  Chicago,  as  drawn 
up  by  its  President,  adopted  by  the  Board  of  Trustees  and  pub- 
Hshed  in  Official  'BiiUetin  No.  j,  dated  January,  1891,  is  one  of  the 
most  original  educational  manifestoes  ever  set  forth.  Never  was  a 
unique  invitation  accepted  with  a  bolder  inventiveness.  Not  that  the 
plan  in  any  of  its  features  was  revolutionary  or  designedly  sensational. 
Its  challenge  to  criticism  lay  in  the  matter-of-fact  proposal  to  do  forth- 


PRESIDEXT  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO— ABOUT   1892 

with  what  reformers  and  theorists  had  merely  dreamed  of  doing  in  a 
distant  future.  "The  work  of  the  University,"  its  opening  sentence 
read,  "shall  be  arranged  under  three  general  divisions,  viz.:  the  Uni- 
versity Proper,  the  University  Extension  Work,  the  University  Publi- 
cation Work."  Nothing  is  more  characteristic  of  the  eager  and  con- 
fident spirit  in  which  then  and  always  President  Harper  attacked  his 
problems  than  his  refusal  to  admit  that  the  organization  of  the  second 
and  third  of  these  "general  divisions"  might  prudently  be  postponed 


l84  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

until  the  ''University  Proper"  had  been  fairly  set  going.  These 
three  divisions  were  essential  to  his  far-sighted  and  noble  conception 
of  a  university,  and  the  University  of  Chicago  would  fall  below  its 
magnificent  opportunity  if  it  were  not  equipped  with  at  least  the  essen- 
tial things  at  the  outset.  The  result  has  abundantly  justified  the 
practical  idealism  of  this  extraordinary  plan.  Ten  years'  experience 
of  its  everyday  working  has  led  to  the  modification  of  relatively  unim- 
portant details,  but  its  distinguishing  features,  the  "four-quarters 
system,"  with  its  attendant  scheme  of  examinations  and  credits,  the 
quarterly  convocations,  the  flexible  adjustment  of  vacations,  the  ar- 
rangement of  courses  in  "majors  "  and  "  minors,"  the  organization  of 
the  students  by  colleges  rather  than  by  classes,  the  value  set  upon 
non-resident  work,  are  in  successful  operation  today.  It  is  the  scheme 
of  one  who  beUeved,  in  his  own  words,  that  "the  university  is  an 
institution  of  the  people  and  born  of  the  democratic  spirit." 

Perhaps  none  of  the  trustees  of  the  University  at  all  realized  the 
full  import  of  the  action  of  the  board  when,  immediately  after  Dr. 
Harper's  formal  acceptance  of  the  presidency,  it  appointed  him,  April 
II,  1891,  Head  Professor  of  the  Department  of  Semitic  Languages 
and  Literatures.  It  was  proper,  of  course,  that  recognition  should 
thus  be  made  of  his  eminent  scholarship.  He  might  well  enough, 
consistently  with  other  and  more  important  duties,  have  the  over- 
sight of  the  instruction  given  in  this  department,  and  lend  to  it  the 
prestige  of  his  name.  But  the  President  had  already  settled  it  with 
himself,  as  the  indispensable  condition  of  acceptance  of  the  call  to 
leave  Yale  for  Chicago,  that  he  must  still  hold  his  place  in  the  class- 
room. It  was  not  only  that  he  loved  more  than  anything  else  to  teach, 
and  that  he  knew  that  upon  the  continuance  of  regular  study  depended 
the  maintenance  of  his  citizenship  in  the  republic  of  scholars.  He 
had  already  recognized  his  calling  of  God  to  further  and  extend 
by  every  possible  means  the  popular  study  of  the  Bible.  That  he 
might  show  himself  faithful  to  this  high  calling  was,  from  the  begin- 
ning of  his  career  at  Morgan  Park,  the  ruling  desire,  the  mastering 
passion,  of  his  life.  To  fail  to  appreciate  this  fact  is  to  misunderstand 
President  Harper  altogether.  Never  for  an  hour  did  he  relinquish 
this  ambition.  Once  when  the  trustees  feared  that  he  might  break 
down  under  very  heavy  and,  as  it  seemed  at  the  time,  unavoidable 


THE  CHICAGO  PERIOD  185 

administrative  duties,  and  in  their  solicitude  urged  him  to  abandon 
his  professorship  and  all  that  it  involved,  submitting  thus  to  a  hard 
necessity,  but  a  necessity  nevertheless,  he  answered  without  a  mo- 
ment's hesitation:  "  If  I  must  choose,  my  choice  is  made.  Another 
president  is  easily  found.  I  will  go  gladly  to  my  books  and  my 
pupils."  In  the  office  of  the  University  Recorder  Professor  William 
R.  Harper's  class  reports  may  be  seen  today,  made  out  in  due  form 
and  bound  up  with  those  of  his  colleagues.  Quarter  by  quarter,  year 
by  year,  the  record  of  his  classroom  work  goes  on,  with  hardly  more 
interruption  than  that  which  the  service  of  any  other  instructor  of 
equal  rank  sustained.  When  University  instruction  began  in  the 
autumn  of  1892,  in  its  first  schedule  of  studies  the  President  offered 
courses  in  "Advanced  Hebrew  Grammar"  and  in  "Arabic."  Later, 
to  name  titles  at  random,  his  courses  were  "Old  Testament  Prophecy," 
"Minor  Prophets  of  the  Assyrian  Period,"  "Ethiopic,"  "Hexateuchal 
Analysis,"  "Earlier  Suras  of  the  Koran."  For  several  years  he  gave 
the  Old  Testament  survey  course  required  of  all  candidates  for  a 
Divinity  School  degree.  Would  anyone  who  knew  him  only  in  the 
classroom  have  guessed  that  this  tireless  and  enthusiastic  instructor 
was  finding  time  and  strength  also  for  the  most  scrupulous  and  de- 
tailed attention  to  the  multifarious  engagements  and  engrossing  claims 
of  the  president  of  a  university  which  was  still  in  the  making  ?  It 
is  amazing  to  recall  that  in  the  summer  quarter  of  1905,  when  he  knew 
that  the  sentence  of  death  against  him  had  gone  out,  he  was  still  giv- 
ing regular  classroom  instruction,  and  that  he  even  announced  courses 
for  the  succeeding  quarter. 

But  Dr.  Harper's  work  as  a  teacher  could  never  be  narrowed  to 
the  discharge  of  the  routine  duties,  however  important  and  arduous, 
of  a  professor  of  Semitics.  Already  at  Yale  he  had  entered  upon  a 
signally  successful  propaganda  of  Bible  study  by  means  of  public 
lectures  and  correspondence  courses.  This  effort  was  continued  at 
Chicago  with  unabated  energy  and  enthusiasm.  Tw^o  of  the  most 
popular  outhne  correspondence  courses,  "The  Work  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment Sages"  and  "  Foreshadowings  of  the  Christ,"  were  prepared 
here ;  and  a  series  of  lectures  on  the  book  of  Genesis  early  in  his 
Chicago  residence  aroused  very  wide  interest.  If  his  frank  disavowal 
of  traditional  interpretations  alarmed  some,  many  more  found  in  his 


l86        '  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

reverent  constructive  criticism  a  glad  release  from  the  haunting  mis- 
giving that,  under  the  handling  of  modern  scholarship,  the  Bible  would 
no  longer  appear  the  supreme  revelation  of  God  to  man.  The 
American  Institute  of  Sacred  Literature  v^as  transferred  to  Chicago, 
and  its  work  widened  and  enriched.  Two  journals,  dating  in  their 
inception  from  the  Morgan  Park  period — Hebraica,  now  the  Journal 
oj  Semitic  Languages  and  Literatures,  and  the  Old  and  New  Tes- 
tament Student,  today  the  Biblical  World — came  with  him  also,  and 
remained  under  his  editorial  control  to  the  day  of  his  death,  the 
objects  of  mingled  solicitude  and  pride.  No  one  who  was  so  for- 
tunate as  to  be  among  his  guests  on  that  occasion  will  ever  forget 
the  dinner  with  which  he  celebrated  the  twenty-first  anniversary 
of  two  events,  the  appearance  of  the  first  number  of  the  Hebrew 
Student  and  the  birth  of  his  eldest  son.  To  the  Hst  of  periodical 
publications  called  into  existence  by  his  enthusiasm  for  the  dis- 
semination of  sound  Christian  learning  must  be  added  the  Ameri- 
can Journal  oj  Theology,  "edited  by  the  Divinity  Faculty  of  the 
University  of  Chicago,"  whose  first  number  is  dated  January,  1897. 

The  crowning  achievement,  however,  of  President  Harper's  hfelong 
biblical  activity  was  the  organization,  three  years  ago  at  a  convention, 
the  call  for  which  was  issued  by  the  Council  of  Seventy  of  the  Ameri- 
can Institute  of  Sacred  Literature,  of  the  ReHgious  Education  Associa- 
tion. Its  career  has  hardly  begun,  but  it  is  not  rash  to  prophesy  that 
this  heir  of  his  loftiest  ideals  and  his  purest  ambitions  will  yet  appear, 
in  the  reckoning  up  of  his  contributions  to  the  higher  life  of  the  Ameri- 
can people,  worthy  to  be  ranked  with  the  University  itself. 

Always  in  the  midst  of  these  incessant  and  varied  labors  for  the 
furtherance  of  biblical  learning  and  religious  education  throughout 
the  country.  Dr.  Harper  held  steadily  in  mind  the  claims  upon  him  of 
the  young  men  and  women  of  the  University.  The  end  of  all  school 
discipline  and  instruction,  he  was  never  tired  of  repeating,  is  char- 
acter. From  the  beginning  he  had  taken  thought  for  the  rehgious 
needs  of  his  students,  giving  to  the  University  a  chaplain,  estab- 
lishing later  the  university  preachership,  offering  official  recognition 
and  support  to  the  religious  organizations  of  the  undergraduate 
body,  planning  Sunday-afternoon  lectures  on  biblical  themes,  and 


THE  CHICAGO  PERIOD  187 

conferences  for  the  discussion  of  questions  relating  to  Christian  behef 
and  conduct. 

A  unique  organization,  to  which  he  gave  much  care  and  thought, 
is  the  Christian  Union  of  the  University,  upon  whose  official  board  its 
many  and  varied  religious  activities  are  represented  by  instructors  and 
students  alike.  One  of  the  memorable  occasions  of  his  last  years  was 
the  conference  of  men  and  women  interested  in  the  different  aspects 
of  the  religious  life  of  the  University,  meeting  one  evening  in  his 
study  to  consider  ways  and  means  for  the  advancement  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  practical  religion.  How  keenly  he  appreciated  the  approval 
given  to  the  new  plans  proposed  by  him,  and  the  pledges  to  sup- 
port them !  No  one  who  hstened  to  his  urgent  appeal  for  co-opera- 
tion could  doubt  that  this  was  the  matter  which  of  all  others  lay 
nearest  his  heart,  this  the  responsibility  for  which  he  held  himself 
most  strictly  to  account. 

The  final  word  in  a  story  too  briefly  told  within  the  limits  set  upon 
this  article  must  be  given  to  the  great  task  assumed  while  still  at  Yale, 
and  with  which  he  was  engaged  during  his  entire  University  service. 
Whatever  might  be  the  duty  claiming  attention  at  the  present  moment, 
in  the  background  lay  the  commentary  upon  the  Minor  Prophets 
which  he  had  entered  into  contract  to  write ;  and  pleasurable  antici- 
pations of  a  laboriously  won  vacation  took  oftenest  the  form  of  an 
interval  of  withdrawal  from  all  University  occupations  and  engage- 
ments to  give  himself  wholly  to  his  Hebrew  texts.  The  last  and  longest 
of  these  retreats  was  the  six  months  of  the  summer  and  autumn  of  1904, 
spent  at  Williams  Bay,  Wis.,  engaged  in  the  most  congenial  employ- 
ment of  his  life.  Never  again  was  he  to  know  days  so  quiet  and  so 
fruitful  as  these.  In  the  goodness  of  God,  it  was  permitted  him  to 
take  into  his  hands  before  he  died  the  printed  volume  Amos  and  Hosea. 
In  other  books.  The  Trend  in  Higher  Education  and  Religion  and  the 
Higher  Life,  he  had  collected  papers  which  expressed  his  matured 
conclusions  upon  matters  which  had  necessarily  engaged  his  attention ; 
this  was  his  contribution,  wrought  out  through  years  of  toil  and  sacri- 
fice, not  unmixed  with  joy,  to  that  supremely  important  task  of  Chris- 
tian scholarship — the  interpretation  afresh  to  its  own  generation  of 
the  ancient  and  imperishable  oracles  of  God. 


IN  HIS  STUDY 


JOHN  MERLIN  POWIS  SMITH 

The  University  of  Chicago 


To  see  Dr.  Harper  in  his  study  was  to  see  him  at  his  best.  Shut 
in  among  his  books,  he  was  in  complete  harmony  with  his  environ- 
ment. Here  was  his  haven  of  refuge  from  the  cares  and  responsibil- 
ities of  public  life  that  sought  him  more  and  more  frequently  and 
persistently.  His  abiUty  to  leave  all  these  disturbing  and  distracting 
interests  on  the  outside  of  his  study-door  was  one  of  the  indispensable 
prerequisites  to  the  accompHshment  by  him  of  so  much  Hterary  and 
scholarly  work  during  the  later  years  of  his  hfe.  In  his  study,  as  else- 
where, he  was  able  to  bring  all  of  his  marvelous  strength  to  bear  on 
the  task  in  hand.  There  was  no  dissipation  of  energy  on  account  of 
divided  interests ;  all  the  powers  of  his  mind  were  devoted  for  the  time 
being  to  the  solution  of  the  problem,  or  completion  of  the  task,  he 
had  set  himself.  In  such  work  as  this  he  took  keen  delight  and  found 
abiding  satisfaction. 

President  Harper's  pleasure  in  his  scholarly  pursuits  may  be  ac- 
counted for  in  part  as  the  joy  felt  by  every  normal  man  in  the  perform- 
ance of  his  own  chosen  work.  But  it  was  more  than  this.  It  was  the 
inevitable  accompaniment  of  his  purpose  in  all  his  studies.  That 
purpose  was  not  the  attainment  of  learning  for  its  own  sake,  but  rather 
for  the  added  power  it  furnished  for  the  furtherance  of  the  great  con- 
structive aims  of  his  life.  He  was  never  the  scholarly  recluse,  but 
always  the  apostle  of  learning.  He  never  forgot  his  mission  to  teach. 
Consequently  his  scholarly  labors  produced  results  of  two  distinct 
kinds,  the  first  being  those  in  the  realm  of  pure  scholarship  and 
intended  for  the  select  few  who  speciahze  in  Semitic  studies;  the 
second,  those  intended  to  present  the  assured  results  of  scholarly 
research  in  intelligible  and  attractive  form  to  the  mind  of  the  average 
man.  The  great  value  and  efficacy  of  the  latter  propaganda  were  due 
in  no  small  measure  to  the  accuracy  and  authority  they  derived  from 
the  more  specialized  and  technical  studies  upon  which  they  were 


IN  HIS  STUDY  189 

based.  Dr.  Harper's  keen  interest  in  this  general,  educational  work 
along  biblical  lines  is  attested  by  the  relatively  large  amount  of  time 
he  gave  out  of  his  precious  hours  of  study  to  the  preparation  of  such 
works  as  his  elementary  textbooks  in  Hebrew,  his  series  of  "Construct- 
ive Studies,"  and  popular  articles  and  editorials  in  the  Biblical  World 
and  its  predecessors. 

In  undertaking  a  new  piece  of  investigation.  Dr.  Harper  brought  to 
it  an  open  mind.  In  so  far  as  it  is  possible  for  an  intelligent  man,  he 
came  to  his  task  free  from  any  preconceived  ideas  regarding  its  out- 
come, determined  to  discover  the  facts  and  to  allow  them  to  speak  for 
themselves.  He  was  a  zealous  lover  of  Truth,  and  spared  no  pains 
necessary  to  find  it.  His  zeal  in  this  cause  knew  no  bounds;  and  in 
this  behalf  toil  was  a  pleasure,  and  misunderstanding  and  vitupera- 
tion but  light  afflictions  which  wTre  for  the  moment. 

It  was  his  habit  to  work  in  accordance  with  carefully  considered 
plans.  He  made  a  program  for  each  quarter's  work,  assigning 
to  each  day  and  to  each  hour  its  specific  task.  The  same  sys- 
tematic, methodical  spirit  ruled  his  study  hours.  He  invariably 
worked  out  a  plan  for  the  performance  of  every  piece  of  study  or  WTit- 
ing.  He  analyzed  his  subject  in  advance  down  to  the  most  minute 
detail,  and  decided  fully  upon  the  method  of  procedure.  Having  done 
this,  he  was  able  to  move  steadily  forward,  without  let  or  hindrance, 
to  the  consummation  of  his  efforts. 

Another  characteristic  that  facilitated  the  progress  of  his  labors  was 
his  exceptional  ability  to  utilize  the  products  of  preceding  and  con- 
temporary scholars.  He  never  wasted  his  time  in  doing  over  again 
things  that  had  already  been  done  satisfactorily.  Nor  did  he  believe 
in  taking  time  to  do  things  which  were  of  such  a  character  that  they 
could  be  done  for  him  by  his  co-laborers.  He  had  the  faculty  of 
enabling  his  assistants  to  see  with  his  eyes  and  to  follow  his  methods 
so  faithfully  that  the  product  of  their  co-operating  minds  was  as  much 
his  as  it  w^as  theirs,  and  could  be  utilized  to  the  fullest  advantage  in 
the  fabric  of  the  final  structure.  His  method,  then,  was  first  of  all  to 
get  before  him  everything  of  value  that  had  ever  been  said  upon  the 
subject  with  which  he  was  dealing,  and  familiarize  himself  with  it 
thoroughly.  Such  an  inundation  of  other  men's  thoughts  would  drown 
out  all  originality  of  method  and  conception  in  the  minds  of  most  men. 


19©  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

But  the  strength  of  Dr.  Harper's  mental  individuality  protected  him 
from  this  danger,  and  enabled  him  to  assume  an  independent,  critical 
attitude  toward  our  inheritance  of  learning,  to  select  from  it  such 
elements  as  seemed  to  him  to  accord  with  known  facts,  and  on  the 
basis  of  this  deposit  to  erect  his  own  building.  Contact  with  the 
thoughts  of  other  men  did  but  stimulate  his  own  creative  mind  to 
larger  and  richer  suggestiveness.  He  was  thus  able  to  work  and  think 
through  to  his  own  solution  of  a  problem  unhindered  and  unpreju- 
diced by  the  knowledge  of  other  men's  attempts  to  solve  it.  His  inde- 
pendence and  originality  are  evidenced  also  by  his  ability  to  break 
new  ground,  as,  e.  g.,  in  his  application  of  the  inductive  method  to  the 
study  of  Hebrew  and  its  cognates,  and  in  his  attempts  to  reconstruct 
the  poetical  utterances  of  the  prophets  at  a  time  when  scarcely  any 
attention  had  been  given  to  the  poetic  structure  of  prophecy. 

Dr.  Harper  possessed  the  patience  of  the  scholar  in  an  eminent 
degree.  He  would  not  hurry  an  important  piece  of  investigation. 
The  fact  that  his  commentary  on  Amos  and  Hosea  was  fourteen  years 
in  the  making  is  proof  of  this  statement.  It  might  have  been  pub- 
lished long  before,  had  he  been  content  to  do  less  thorough  work.  But 
he  was  himself  his  most  relentless  critic.  The  greater  part  of  it  was 
worked  over  time  and  time  again  before  he  consented  to  consider  it 
finished.  The  element  of  time  scarcely  entered  into  his  thought.  He 
expended  time,  strength,  and  money  unstintedly  upon  the  preparation 
of  this  his  opus  magnum.  It  was  with  him  a  labor  of  love.  He 
worked  easily  and  rapidly.  He  was  able  to  penetrate  to  the  heart 
of  a  problem  as  unerringly  as  if  guided  by  instinct.  His  decisions 
were  made  promptly  when  once  he  was  in  possession  of  all  the 
facts.  Consequently  he  was  able  to  turn  out  a  mass  of  work  in  certain 
lines  on  short  notice.  But  in  those  paths  where  progress  is  necessarily 
slow  he  was  never  so  unwise  as  to  be  in  haste.  Here  he  applied  him- 
self with  indefatigable  energy  and  patient  continuance  that  meant 
success.  How  a  man  oppressed  by  so  many  cares  and  interested  in 
so  many  great  enterprises  could  sit  down  to  a  lifelong  task  among  his 
books  and  papers,  and  work  away  as  calmly  and  steadily  as  though 
all  time  were  at  his  disposal,  was  a  constant  occasion  of  wonder 
and  admiration. 

The  study  was  the  starting-point  of  most  of  Dr.  Harper's  activities. 


IN  HIS  STUDY  191 

In  it  he  delved  into  the  heart  of  things;  there  he  learned  what  scholar- 
ship was;  there  he  developed  the  ideals  which  controlled  his  whole  hfe- 
work;  and  there  he  found  recreation,  refreshment,  and  solace  amid 
the  years  of  arduous  toil  involved  in  bringing  those  ideals  to  tangible 
realization.  His  hours  in  the  study  gave  sohdity  and  value  to  his  in- 
struction in  the  classroom  and  from  the  lecture  platform.  The  scope 
and  ideals  of  the  University  of  which  he  was  the  guiding  spirit  are  the 
direct  outcome  of  his  devotion  to  a  high  order  of  scholarship.  Had  he 
not  been  rooted  and  grounded  in  the  wisdom  and  learning  of  the  past, 
and  in  sympathy,  therefore,  with  the  noblest  educational  ideals  of  the 
race,  who  knows  but  that  he  might  have  given  the  Middle  West  a 
mere  school  of  applied  science,  instead  of  a  great  university  standing 
for  the  promotion  of  all  phases  of  human  knowledge  ? 

His  own  high  standards  of  scholarship  for  himself  led  him  to  expect 
of  his  colleagues  work  of  an  equally  high  grade.  His  constant  pursuit 
of  Semitic  learning  kept  him  in  touch  with  the  many  other  scholars 
comprising  the  various  faculties  of  the  University,  rendered  him  sym- 
pathetic with  them  in  their  frequent  sacrifices  for  the  sake  of  their 
beloved  science,  made  him  appreciative  of  good  scholarly  work  when- 
ever he  found  it,  and  led  him  to  do  everything  in  his  power  to  facili- 
tate the  progress  of  every  piece  of  scientific  investigation. 

By  tastes  and  training  a  scholar,  by  natural  endowments  quahfied 
to  attain  a  commanding  position  among  the  scholars  of  his  generation, 
and  loving  and  longing  intensely  for  the  life  of  the  scholar  in  the  quiet 
companionship  of  his  books,  Dr.  Harper  did  not  hesitate  to  sacrifice 
his  inclinations  and  prospects  upon  the  altar  of  a  greater  service  to 
humanity  when  the  conviction  was  borne  in  upon  him  that  the  good 
of  the  causes  he  held  so  dear  was  to  be  furthered  by  his  exchanging 
the  study  for  the  oflice.  But  through  his  self-renunciation  other  men 
have  been  and  will  be  enabled  to  make  more  and  better  use  of  their 
studies,  and  the  science  of  Old  Testament  interpretation,  though  losing 
greatly  through  the  withdrawal  of  so  much  of  his  time  and  strength, 
has  gained  a  dignity  and  a  vantage-ground,  not  only  in  a  great  uni- 
versity, but  also  in  the  entire  Mississippi  Valley,  which  it  could  other- 
wise not  have  attained. 


IN  HIS  CLASSROOM 


IRA  MAURICE  PRICE 
The   University  of    Chicago 


The  scholar,  the  administrator,  and  the  leader  was  pre-eminently 
a  teacher.  Teaching  was  his  chosen  profession,  and  this  would  have 
been  his  preference,  as  he  frequently  said,  if  he  had  been  obhged  to 
choose  between  the  presidency  and  a  professorship  in  the  University 
of  Chicago.  For  full  thirty  years  he  most  ably  filled  the  noble  office 
of  teacher.  The  first  four  years  were  devoted  mainly  to  teaching  the 
classical  languages;  and  the  last  twenty-six  years,  to  the  supreme 
work  of  his  life— the  teaching,  the  popularization,  and  the  world-wide 
extension  of  a  knowledge  of  Hebrew  and  the  English  Bible. 

Dr.  Harper  combined  within  himself  more  of  the  best  traits  of  the 
real  teacher  than  any  man  we  have  ever  seen  in  the  classroom .  In 
his  early  years  in  Morgan  Park  he  drew  to  the  Seminary  and  to  his 
classroom  men  whom  he  had  pertinaciously  followed  up  with  his 
enthusiastic  and  glowing  visions  of  the  future  which  was  possible,  in 
the  pastorate  or  the  work  of  teaching,  for  any  man  who  would  devote 
himself  to  the  study  of  the  Hebrew  language.  Dr.  Harper's  own 
personality  won  them,  and  gave  him  a  large  place  in  their  hearts  even 
before  the  classroom  was  entered . 

At  the  first  meeting  in  the  classroom  the  contagious  enthusiasm 
of  the  teacher  seized  us .  It  was  here,  as  we  met  day  after  day,  week 
after  week,  that  we  saw,  with  increasing  deHght,  the  attractiveness, 
and  charm,  and  skill  of  the  teacher.  The  intense  earnestness  and 
concentrated  energy  with  which  the  work  of  the  hour  was  carried  on 
fairly  electrified  the  class,  and  set  every  mind  to  thinking  along  the 
line  of  the  lesson  or  discussion.  Questions  were  put  in  such  form, 
or  such  suggestions  were  made,  as  to  arouse  the  mind  of  the  dullest 
student,  and  set  him  to  asking  questions. 

This  inspiration,  or  goading  to  thought,  was  marvelously  enhanced 
by  another  trait,  which  Dr.  Harper  often  displayed  with  fine  effect. 

192 


IN  HIS  CLASSROOM  193 

He  possessed  the  ability  to  state  all  the  arguments  on  two  sides  of 
a  question  with  such  fulness  and  fairness  that  at  the  conclusion  of 
his  summary  no  one  present  could  tell  on  which  side  of  the  question 
his  teacher  stood.  This  clement  of  strength  in  the  classroom  was  often 
turned  against  him  by  his  critics,  on  the  ground  that  he  was  "on  the 
fence"  and  noncommittal,  and  thereby  was  undermining  the  faith 
of  the  students.  The  abiHty  to  do  this  very  thing  was  the  best 
kind  of  evidence  to  his  pupils  that  he  was  master  of  his  subject ;  for 
only  a  fair-minded  and  judicial  teacher  could  make  such  a  presen- 
tation. It  is  universally  conceded  that  this  trait  is  grounded  on  a 
sound  principle  of  instruction,  that  characterizes  our  great  educa- 
tional institutions  of  today.  Dr.  Harper  did  not,  nor  does  any  true 
teacher,  teach  his  students  what  to  believe,  but  how  to  think,  to  find 
their  own  way  through  the  lines  of  argument  to  a  rational  conclusion* 
Such  a  method  of  procedure  at  first  almost  drowned  some  men  who 
had  never  before  been  dropped  into  deep  water  and  [told  to  swim. 
But  the  exhilaration  of  learning  how  to  do  it,  and  of  successfully 
doing  it,  soon  won  universal  favor  for  this  true  pedagogical  method, 
and  for  the  teacher  who  could  use  it  in  so  masterful  a  manner. 

Dr.  Harper  was  an  exacting  teacher,  requiring  of  students  the  very 
best  that  they  could  do,  and  as  much  or  more  than  they  could  do ;  for 
he  always  had  a  large  surplus  of  assignments,  lest  we  should  run  out 
of  work.  More  than  this,,  he  required  that  the  work  be  done  in  a 
thorough  manner,  even  if  we  prepared  only  a  small  part  of  the 
assigned  task.  His  exacting  thoroughness — the  first  element  of  re- 
search— made  his  work  both  hard  and  easy;  hard  to  get  for  the  first 
time,  but  always  easy  to  hold  after  it  was  once  thoroughly  mastered. 

His  requirement  of  well-prepared  and  thorough  work  came  out 
with  special  emphasis  when  the  members  of  his  class  presented 
papers  for  criticism  and  discussion.  If  the  reader  of  any  given  paper 
had  done  faithful  work  and  was  himself  a  student  of  more  than  ordinary 
ability.  Dr.  Harper  went  into  the  criticism  of  his  product  with  the 
sharp  analytical  power  of  a  jurist.  He  spared  no  pains  to  reveal  its 
every  weakness  and  its  strength,  that  he  might  thereby  set  before  the 
man  and  the  class  clean,  clear-cut  statements  of  the  problems  under 
discussion,  and  the  possibihties  of  their  solution.  This  keen,  critical 
analysis  was  made  in  the  same  spirit  as  that  in  which  a  surgeon  uses 
a  knife. 


194  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

But  underneath  his  exactions,  which  were  often  trying  ones,  we  could 
always  discern  a  tender,  sympathetic  heart,  especially  for  the  slow, 
hard-plodding  student.  He  had  no  place  in  his  classroom,  or  in  his 
heart,  for  the  lazy  or  poorly  prepared  man  of  ability.  The  difficulties 
of  the  hard-working,  earnest  student  always  appealed  to  him.  He  set 
himself  mentally  alongside  such  a  one,  and  in  a  kind,  brotherly, 
sympathetic  manner  helped  him  out  into  the  light,  but  always  did 
it  by  compelling  him  to  do  his  own  thinking.  If  such  a  man  had 
presented  a  paper  to  the  class  that  was  not  strong,  but  the  very  best 
he  could  produce.  Dr.  Harper  treated  him  gently,  and  usually  detained 
him  after  the  dismissal  of  the  class,  for  a  conference,  in  which  the 
genuine,  large-hearted  sympathy  of  the  teacher  removed  all  the  sting 
from  his  criticisms,  and  sent  the  weak  brother  on  his  way  rejoicing. 

Another  illustration  of  his  sympathy  often  came  to  the  surface  for 
the  student  who  faced  great  difficulties  in  the  new^  views  of  the  Old 
Testament.  Dr.  Harper's  generous  consideration  and  careful  guidance 
have  led  many  a  man  over  the  rocky  places,  and  out  into  the  full  light, 
to  a  rational  faith  and  a  larger  vision  of  the  truth. 

As  the  Hebrew  professor  became  better  acquainted  with  his  stu- 
dents, and  they  with  him,  there  grew  up  between  them  certain  confi- 
dential relations  that  revealed  the  inner  spirit  of  the  man.  This  dispo- 
sition or  attitude  led  him,  now  and  then,  in  the  classroom  to  reveal 
little  confidences  concerning  his  own  life  that  bore  on  the  theme  of  the 
hour.  Sometimes  he  would  relate  incidents  in  the  life  of  some  noted 
Bible  scholar,  or  an  illustration  that  he  had  seen  or  read,  that  gave  added 
strength  to  the  theme  under  treatment.  At  such  times  he  so  opened  his 
heart  and  mind  to  his  students  that  they  felt  that  he  was  one  of  them, 
that  he  was  a  comrade  rather  than  their  master  at  the  desk;  and  such 
he  was  at  heart.  Such  good  fellowship,  such  confidential  relations, 
revealed  more  clearly  than  ever  before  the  deep  reverence  which  under- 
lay all  his  work.  Even  the  keenest  analysis  and  the  most  critical  treat- 
ment of  a  book  or  chapter  were  based  on  a  deep-seated  and  tender 
reverence  for  God's  Word. 

Dr.  Harper's  analytical  power,  and  his  keen  appreciation  of  the 
difficulties  of  the  students,  seem  to  have  led  him  to  make  the  most 
careful  preparation  in  advance.  Every  theme  for  study  was  minutely 
analyzed,  almost  to  single-line  statements,  and  made  so  plain  that  it 


IN  HIS  CLASSROOM  195 

could  not  be  misunderstood.  Such  outlines  and  analyses,  provided 
with  bibliographies,  were  distributed  in  his  classes  and  made  the  basis 
of  subsequent  work. 

These  powers,  with  his  inexhaustible  energy,  and  large  comprehen- 
sion of  the  needs  of  the  times,  drove  him  to  inaugurate,  with  two  stu- 
dents in  the  summer  of  1880,  six  in  the  winter  holidays  of  1880-81, 
a  system  of  Hebrew  summer  schools.  Simultaneously  therewith  he 
established,  through  his  carefully  prepared  analyses  and  directions, 
a  scheme  of  teaching  Hebrew  by  correspondence.  In  the  summer 
schools  his  principle  of  concentration  on  one  theme  for  a  long  period 
of  time  proved  its  practicabihty,  and  gave  the  teacher  and  his  schools 
a  highly  deserved  success.  In  the  correspondence  schools  careful 
analyses,  exphcit  directions,  and  scrupulous  care  in  conducting  the 
work  gave  this  plan  a  permanent  place  in  Dr.  Harper's  early  teaching 
schemes. 

The  teacher  of  Hebrew  at  Morgan  Park  within  five  years  became 
the  teacher  of  pupils  in  Hebrew,  not  simply  in  America,  but  in  Europe, 
Asia,  Africa,  and  the  isles  of  the  sea.  His  incomparable  combina- 
tion of  the  traits  of  the  true  teacher,  exercised  in  so  many  places 
and  over  so  many  men,  has  made  him  the  pedagogical  father  of  a 
large  number  of  the  teachers  of  Hebrew,  and  of  many  who  are  filling 
chairs  in  other  departments,  both  in  America  and  in  foreign  lands. 

As  a  lecturer,  especially  on  bibhcal  themes,  Dr.  Harper  won  a 
brilhant  place.  His  teaching  qualities  expanded  and  made  him,  in  a 
true  sense,  a  platform  teacher.  He  took  the  driest  themes,  such  as  the 
Minor  Prophets,  and  made  them  live  again,  and  deliver  their  sermons 
to  his  audiences.  In  his  every  utterance,  in  the  statement  of  his  propo- 
sitions, in  the  marshahng  and  cogency  of  his  arguments,  and  in  the 
self-evident  truth  of  his  conclusions,  he  was  always  the  teacher. 
Underneath  and  permeating  all  his  sterhng  quahties  as  a  scholar, 
administrator,  and  leader  of  men,  was  the  genuine  teacher. 


IN  THE  FIELD  OF  SEMITIC  SCHOLARSHIP 


EMIL   G.  HIRSCH 
The  University  of  Chicago 


The  renaissance  of  Hebrew  studies  in  America  is  due  to  the  labors, 
the  zeal,  and  the  enthusiasm  of  Dr.  Harper,  and  to  the  original  method 
introduced  by  him.  His  name  will  be  remembered  by  the  side  of  the 
great  European  Christian  scholars  who  unsealed  for  the  children  of 
the  West  the  books  of  eastern  Judaism.  That  roll  of  honor  mentions 
Jerome,  Reuchlin,  the  Buxdorfs,  Gesenius,  Ewald.  Of  this  company  the 
influence  of  none  was  more  stimulating  or  extended  to  greater  lengths 
than  that  of  the  departed  head  of  the  Semitic  Department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Chicago.  Today  every  university  on  this  continent  recog- 
nizes the  academic  citizenship  of  Semitic  philology  and  literature. 
A  quarter  of  a  century  ago  this  was  not  the  case.  Some  attention 
was  indeed  paid  in  the  theological  seminaries  to  the  dialects  in  which 
the  Old  Testament  was  written.  But  even  there  the  harvest  was 
exceedingly  meager.  It  was  left  for  Dr.  Harper  to  emancipate  these 
studies  from  the  thraldom  of  obsolete  methods.  It  was  he  who  suc- 
ceeded in  vitaHzing  Hebrew  grammar  and  vocabulary,  and  thus 
breathed  the  prophetic  spirit  upon  what  had  been  hopelessly  regard- 
ed as  dry  bones  of  phonology  and  accidence.  With  the  intuition 
that  always  characterizes  original  genius,  he  recognized  that  the  dis- 
tinction made  between  dead  and  living  tongues  was  artificial.  To 
learn  Hebrew  the  children  of  this  generation  should  be  led  along  no 
other  paths  than  they  trod  who  acquired  familiarity  with  its  forms 
and  phraseology  by  intercourse  with  parents  and  neighbors  that 
spoke  it.  The  inductive  method,  in  other  words,  he  applied  to  the 
instruction  in  the  idiom  in  which  the  great  sages  and  singers,  the 
prophets  and  lawgivers,  of  Israel  cloaked  their  message  and  expressed 
their  thought.  Literature  took  the  place  of  the  audible  word.  Gram- 
mar was  learned  in  connection  with  the  sentences  recording  the 
Hebrew  conception  of  creation.     In  this  wise  the  organic  unity  of 

196 


IN   THE  FIELD  OF  SEMITIC  SCHOLARSHIP  197 

the  letter  and  the  spirit  was  made  apparent.  The  deadening  suspi- 
cion that  the  vital  element  had  departed  from  the  biblical  chapters 
was  lifted.  Creation  took  the  place  of  imitation.  The  words  of 
the  singers  and  teachers  of  ancient  Israel  took  on  the  robustness 
of  life.  The  student 's  soul  felt  their  quickening  breath  even  while 
learning  to  stammer  the  syllables  ministering  to  the  thought. 

Hebrew  syntax  had  been  a  field  almost  entirely  neglected.  Few 
were  they  who  had  ventured  to  approach  it.  In  the  syntactical  struc- 
ture of  a  language,  more  than  in  its  formal  architecture,  comes  to  light 
the  trend  of  mind  of  the  people  speaking  it.  Dr.  Harper  was  among 
the  few  that  understood  this.  He  was  the  pioneer  that  blazed  the  path 
for  others  in  this  region.  To  his  memory  both  Jew  and  non-Jew  owe 
the  greatest  debt  of  gratitude.  Jews  certainly  had  not  ceased  cultivat- 
ing acquaintance  with  the  idioms  of  their  sacred  writings;  but,  some- 
what impatient  of  the  slower  step  of  the  grammarians,  they  had  at- 
tempted to  fly  when  they  should  have  walked.  Grammar  was  not  to 
their  taste.  Though  in  mediaeval  times  the  pathfinders  in  Hebrew 
grammar  were  of  their  faith,  the  modern  Jewish  scholars  relied  upon 
their  Sprachgefiihl — their  linguistic  intuition — too  boldly.  The  result 
was  that  many  of  the  niceties  of  Hebrew  expression  escaped  their 
quick  eye.  Even  in  Jewish  circles  the  work  of  Dr.  Harper,  in  his 
textbooks  in  Hebrew,  has  brought  about  a  better  understanding. 
Every  line  of  Dr.  Harper's  various  elementary  guidebooks,  as  the 
Germans  would  call  them,  throbs  with  the  quickening  spirit  of  the 
trained  and  inspired,  the  thoughtful  and  philosophic,  teacher.  That 
Old  Testament  studies  have  attained  new  dignity  in  this  nation  is  the 
fruitage  of  the  work  done  by  Dr.  Harper  in  his  classes  and,  for  the 
larger  number  of  students  that  had  to  forego  the  rare  privilege  of  sit- 
ting at  his  feet,  in  his  grammatical  and  lexicographical  publications. 

But  grammar  and  vocabulary  were  only  means  to  an  end.  The 
understanding  of  the  genius  of  Israel,  of  her  contributions  to  the 
world's  culture,  and  of  her  civihzation,  was  the  ultimate  purpose  of 
even  these  preliminary  efforts  to  master  the  accidence  and  syntax  of 
Old  Testament  Hebrew.  To  a  certain  extent  Dr.  Harper  had  to  be 
the  intermediary  between  critical  Germany  and  conservative  Amer- 
ica. Strange  misconceptions  prevailed  in  American  churches  con- 
cerning the  method  and  the  aims  underlying  the  new  views  on  Old 


1 98  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

Testament  authorship  and  composition  that  had  lihered  through 
various  channels  more  or  less  inadequate  and  incompetent.  Alarm 
was  felt  that  religion  Avas  in  danger.  It  was  time  that  the  real  fac- 
tors of  the  problems  be  made  accessible.  And  to  this  task  Dr.  Har- 
per devoted  his  rare  powers  of  analysis  and  presentation,  with  the 
zeal  of  the  consecrated  priest.  His  summary  of  pentateuchal  analysis 
in  the  earlier  numbers  of  Hebraica  deserves  to  be  crowned  as  one  of 
the  few  productions  to  which  it  is  given  to  direct  into  new  hnes  the 
thoughts  and  convictions  of  a  generation.  After  this  series  of  essays 
had  appeared,  none  could  arrogate  to  himself  the  right  to  speak  in 
terms  of  sneering  intolerance  about  the  method  and  ambition  of  the 
"higher  critics."  Far  from  depriving  Israel's  hterature  of  worth 
and  dignity,  Dr.  Harper's  calm  and  reverent  survey  of  the  field 
showed  higher  criticism  to  be  bringing  out  most  clearly  the  intimate 
relation  of  the  biblical  books  to  the  genius  of  the  people,  the  his- 
tory of  the  people,  the  inner  hfe  of  the  tribes  destined  in  the  econ- 
omy of  Providence  to  be  so  guided  as  to  become  through  their 
own  experience  exponential  of  the  eternal  principles  of  justice  and 
righteousness  underlying  the  universe.  Not  one  jot  or  tittle  of 
the  law  was  abrogated,  as  far  as  it  held  truth.  On  the  contrary, 
every  atom  of  truth  was  given  a  new  setting,  which  allowed  of  its 
being  grasped  in  a  deeper  sense  than  before.  Not  the  Bible  was 
reconstructed,  but  the  opinions  advanced  concerning  it  by  uncritical 
ages. 

Dr.  Harper,  however,  was  not  a  mere  transmitter  of  the  views  of 
others.  Valuable  beyond  expression  though  these  labors  were,  under- 
taken with  a  view  of  familiarizing  thinking  minds  with  the  results  of 
criticism  applied  to  biblical  literature,  they  are  eclipsed  by  his  own 
contributions  of  original  weight.  One  may  say  that  the  Commentary 
on  Amos  and  Hosea  is  the  fruit  of  his  whole  life.  It  has  made  a  whole 
library  of  introductions  and  separate  interpretations  unnecessary. 
His  views  on  the  history  of  literary  prophetism  mark  a  new  step  for- 
ward in  this  department  of  critical  investigation.  American  Semitic 
scholarship  may  point  to  this  volume  as  its  own  credentials  to  recogni- 
tion in  the  Areopagus  of  Semitic  science. 

That  he  never  lost  sight  of  the  practical  appHcation  of  the  estab- 
lished results  of  scholarship  in  the  work  of  the  rehgious  schools  is 


IX   THE  FIELD  OF  SEMITIC  SCHOLARSHIP 


199 


demonstrated  by  his  two  books  contributed  to  the  series  of  "Con- 
structive Bible  StucUes."  The  master-hand  is  easily  seen  in  these. 
Fulness  of  literary  reference  and  methodic  grasp  of  the  details  are 
joined  to  logical  distribution  of  the  material  and  pedagogical 
division  into  chapters  and  paragraphs — virtues  which  render  these 
manuals  remarkable,  both  for  content  and  arrangement,  among  the 
best  handbooks  as  yet  devised. 

The  Bible  often  refers  to  the  effect  of  rain  on  dry  land.  Dr.  Har- 
per's life  and  influence  have  in  very  truth  been  like  a  quickening 
shower.  Where  deserts  used  to  pout,  he  awakened  smiling  fields. 
The  barren  waste  has  become  a  Carmel,  a  plowed  and  fruitful  slope. 


!^  io"^  /for     /^^^i^^^^yt^^re^v^.^^ 

PICTURE  TAKEN  AT  LAKE  GENEVA,  WIS.,  SUMMER,  1904 


AS  AN  OLD   TESTAMENT   INTERPRETER 


PROFESSOR  GEORGE  ADAM  SMITH,  D.D. 
Glasgow,  Scotland 


President  Harper  was  so  very  much  more  than  an  author  that  his 
literary  work  is  in  danger  of  being  cast  into  the  shade  by  his  other  high 
and  towering  achievements.  Indeed,  it  was  a  matter  of  surprise  to  all 
who  watched  his  absorption  in  practical  affairs,  and  who  knew  the 
thoroughness  with  which  he  labored  at  the  details  of  business,  that  he 
found  any  time  at  all  for  literary  work.  And  one  must  confess  that 
the  publication  of  his  Commentary  on  Amos  and  Hosea,  which  of  all 
his  literary  works  was  the  ripest  result  of  his  scholarship  and  may  be 
taken  as  representative  of  his  authorship,  was  awaited  by  his  friends 
with  some  anxiety  lest  his  undoubted  abiHty  to  produce  a  great  work  in 
his  own  subject  should  be  found  to  have  been  seriously  handicapped  by 
the  heavy  weights  he  was  carrying  in  so  many  other  enterprises.  Since 
1 89 1  the  responsibilities  he  assumed  were  vast:  he  had  to  build  a 
great  university  from  the  foundation,  and  to  start  as  a  pioneer  of  edu- 
cation in  several  new  directions ;  he  had  the  care  of  great  iinances,  and 
the  trouble  of  innumerable  personal  relations  of  a  more  or  less  delicate 
character ;  and  as  his  work  grew,  he  had  to  do  it  in  the  eye,  not  only 
of  one  of  the  largest  and  keenest  commercial  communities  of  our  time, 
but  of  the  whole  American  nation.  Yet  our  anxieties  were  ground- 
less. His  book,  when  it  appeared,  was  recognized  by  scholars  as  an 
adequate  and  exhaustive  piece  of  work — one  of  the  very  best  com- 
mentaries of  modern  times,  with  no  signs  of  haste  or  starvation  about 
it ;  as  learned  as  it  was  sane,  as  thorough  in  detail  as  it  was  balanced 
in  arrangement,  as  restlessly  vigilant  to  all  the  innumerable  questions 
which  a  century  of  controversy  has  raised  about  its  subject  as  it  was 
steady  and  clear  in  its  grasp  and  vision  of  the  whole. 

On  reading  the  Commentary  for  the  second  time — "commentary" 
is  an  inadequate  name  for  it,  it  is  a  history  as  well — I  am  impressed 
with  the  fact  that  the  very  things  which  raised  the  anxiety  of  some 


AS  AN  OLD  TESTAMENT  INTERPRETER  201 

observers,  and  which  in  a  smaller  man  would  certainly  have  imper- 
iled the  interests  of  his  literary  work,  have  been  themselves  the  secrets 
of  its  achievement.  Dr.  Harper  has  succeeded  as  an  author  upon  just 
the  same  virile  qualities  which  have  won  him  fame  in  other  and  very 
different  fields.  His  book  is  strenuous  with  these  quaHties,  and  one 
can  see  here  all  his  busy  practical  occupations;  the  discipline  and 
experience  he  so  bravely  won  among  them,  so  far  from  disabling  him 
in  its  performance,  have  braced  and  trained  him  for  its  fulfilment. 

His  practical  work  was  virtually  that  of  a  great  architect;  and  its 
success  proves  him  to  have  possessed  the  genius  and  strength  of  such 
a  character.  In  addition  to  his  power  of  vision,  of  foreshadowing  a 
large  and  beautiful  result  in  his  imagination,  and  to  his  power  of  inter- 
preting the  generally  inarticulate  instinct  of  the  popular  mind  of  his 
day,  an  architect  is  great  through  a  thorough  apprenticeship  in  the 
technical  details  of  his  craft;  through  his  appreciation  of  the  other 
crafts  that  are  contributory  to  his  own ;  through  his  business  capaci- 
ties (in  this  dififering  from  other  artists) ;  through  his  intelligence  of 
the  needs  of  the  very  different  interests  and  occupations  in  life  for 
which  his  art  is  to  provide  a  habitation,  atmosphere,  and  inspiration; 
through  his  ability  to  work  with  men  of  all  ranks  in  the  social  hier- 
archy; through  his  sympathy  with  points  of  view  utterly  different 
from  his  own,  his  patience  in  Hstening  to  all  varieties  of  opinion,  and 
his  power  to  bring  the  short  and  narrow  designs  of  the  many  and  the 
partial  into  line  with  his  own  long  views  and  comprehension  of  the 
whole.  In  his  social  and  educational  organizations  Dr.  Harper 
evinced  all  these  qualities.  He  was  a  great  architect.  By  a  long 
apprenticeship  he  had  mastered,  in  a  wonderful  way,  the  work  of  a 
teacher.  Yet  w^hile  expert  in  what  is  sometimes  supposed,  though 
falsely,  to  be  one  of  the  narrowest  of  subjects,  he  had  not  only  mas- 
tered the  departments  of  scholarship  contributory  to  it,  but  evinced  a 
sympathy  with,  and  a  comprehension  of,  the  requirements  and  the 
methods  of  every  other  department  of  university  life;  and  he  had,  still 
more  widely,  an  inteUigence  of  the  popular  instincts  and  necessities 
of  his  time.  There  is  evidence  in  his  lectures,  collected  under  the 
title  of  The  Trend  in  Higher  Education,  that  for  this  broad  outlook 
and  sympathy  he  had  found  the  inspiration  in  the  very  heart  of  his 
own  subject.     The  Old  Testament  is  in  touch  with  so  many  forms  of 


202  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

life;  it  offers  to  the  intellect  so  many  issues  and  sympathies.  And  it 
does  not  require  Dr.  Harper's  expHcit  acknowledgment  of  his  debt 
especially  to  those  great  teachers  and  publicists,  the  prophets  and 
the  wise  men  of  Israel,  to  let  us  see  how  much  he  owed  to  the  htera- 
ture,  which  formed  his  immediate  professional  duty,  of  his  quick 
instinct  and  wide  comprehension  of  the  inteUectual  life  and  the  popu- 
lar needs  of  his  own  day.  In  his  exposition  of  what  education  should 
be  he  shows  just  that  combination,  which  is  found,  say,  in  the  books 
of  Deuteronomy  and  Proverbs,  of  high  spiritual  ideals  with  democratic 
sympathies  and  care  for  the  interests  of  the  multitude.  And  to  these 
he  added  the  prophets'  own  power  of  confident  vision  of  great  and 
splendid  results  for  the  nation  which  worked  for  such  ideals  and 
responsibilities. 

To  return  to  the  Commentary:  it  also  impresses  itself  upon  one  as 
the  product  of  the  equipment,  the  experience,  and  the  genius  of  a  great 
architect.  I  do  not  need  to  speak  of  the  mastery  of  technical  detail 
which  distinguishes  it.  Dr.  Harper  was  a  thorough  Hebrew  scholar; 
and  as  he  was  also  a  finished  and  ardent  teacher,  it  goes  without  saying 
that  the  technical  detail  is  always  expressed  and  enforced  whh  clear- 
ness and  point.  There  is  also  full  command  of  the  higher  critical, 
historical,  and  rehgious  questions.  None  of  these  have  escaped  him; 
and  in  stating  them  he  does  a  justice  that  is  unusual  to  workers  in  the 
same  field.  The  arguments  on  all  sides  are  fairly  and  exhaustively 
stated.  Where  views  have  to  be  condemned  or  pruned,  this  is  done 
without  prejudice  or  personal  feeUng.  The  moral  tone  of  the  book  is, 
therefore,  exceedingly  high,  and  keeps  the  intellectual  atmosphere  clear 
and  cool.  Equally  conspicuous  are  the  construction  and  proportion  of 
the  whole.  It  would  be  difficult  to  find  anything  overdone  or  top-heavy. 
There  is  no  strain  or  warp  in  the  architecture;  no  eccentricity  either 
in  the  main  or  the  tributary  lines  of  it.  Dr.  Harper  never  seeks  after 
novel  effects,  nor  pants  to  outrace  other  scholars  and  occupy  a  more 
advanced  position  than  any  of  them  has  yet  reached.  Nor  does  he 
fall  into  the  opposite  vice ;  for  while  his  survey  of  the  literature  of  his 
subject  is  vast,  and  he  marshals  his  predecessors'  opinions  in  great 
numbers  upon  every  question,  his  genius  for  organizing  has  enabled 
him  to  do  this  without  weariness  or  confusion  to  his  reader.  He  avoids 
needless  controversy;  and  extreme  or  inaccurate  opinions,  after  being 


AS  AN  OLD   TESTAMENT  INTERPRETER  203 

fairly  stated,  fall  away  through  the  reasonable  expression  of  the  cor- 
rect views. 

One  cannot  read  his  general  introduction  to  the  volume,  with  its 
history  of  the  prophetic  movement  up  to  Amos,  without  great  admira- 
tion. Very  few  points  have  been  missed;  and  the  clearness,  candor, 
and  justice  of  the  whole  are  as  conspicuous  as  its  wealth  of  detail  and 
comprehensiveness. 

But  the  whole  book  is  at  once  a  thesaurus  of  the  present  science 
of  its  subject,  and  a  trustworthy  judgment  upon  this.  It  will  long 
endure  as  the  standard  work  in  the  English  language  upon  Amos  and 
Hosea ;  and  one  hopes  that  its  lamented  author  has  been  able  to  leave 
behind  him  part  at  least  of  the  continuation  through  other  prophets. 


AS  AN  EDITOR 


SHAILER  MATHEWS 

The  University  ofChicago 


The  Hebrew  Student. 


7  nwasTivr  fsf^  -a     n-ps  v 


naiTZiaf  o\  '■hk  i 


President  Harper's  editorial  career  may  well  be  divided  into 
two  periods.  The  first  was  that  of  his  Morgan  Park  and  Yale  pro- 
fessorships. During  that  time  he 
founded  two  journals:  in  1882,  the 
Hebrew  Student,  which  became 
successively  the  Old  Testament 
Student,  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ment Student,  and  the  Biblical 
World;  and  in  1884,  Hebraica, 
which  subsequently  became  the 
American  Journal  0}  Semitic  Lan- 
guages and  Literatures.  He  plan- 
ned  the   first  pubHcation  for  the 


purpose  of  popularizing  Bible  study,  and 
gathered  about  him  a  group  of  men,  one 
of  whom,  the  lamented  George  S.  Good- 
speed,  was  to  be  a  lifelong  friend  and 
co-worker.  It  is  difficult  to  see  how,  in 
the  light  of  President  Harper's  rapidly 
increasing  duties,  the  pubhcation  of  this 
journal  would  have  been  possible  with- 
out Goodspeed's  assistance.  There  were  other  associates  in  the  labor 
of  love,  but  Harper  and  Goodspeed  really  carried  the  brunt  of  the 
publication  for  years.     In  the  very  nature  of  the  case,  it  was  hardly 

204 


AS  AN  EDITOR  205 

possible  that  such  a  journal  could  be  a  financial  success;  but  when- 
ever a  deficit  came,  President  Harper  in  some  way  raised  money  to 
meet  the  printer's  bills.  The  policy  of  the  magazine  was  progressive, 
but  cautious.  It  shared  in  Dr.  Harper's  developing  confidence  in  the 
trustworthiness  of  critical  methods,  but  far  more  than  that  breathed 
his  enthusiasm  and  simple,  unphilosophical  religious  faith.  Its 
early  volumes  possessed  a  large  unity.  The  editors  were  endeavor- 
ing to  accomphsh  a  single  end,  and  that  permitted  no  dissipation  of 
energies.  To  get  people  to  study  the  Bible  by  historical  methods,  and 
to  build  up  in  their  hearts  a  religious  faith  born  of  biblical  study,  was 
task  enough  for  the  young  pioneers.  Except  by  a  study  of  the  style, 
it  is  now  impossible  to  tell  just  which  paragraphs  were  from  Presi- 
dent Harper  and  which  from  someone  else ;  but  his  spirit  runs  through- 
out the  volumes.  For  he  displayed  during  these  years  the  same 
capacity,  which  bore  such  fruit  in  his  administrative  career,  to  enhst 
and  unify  the  co-operation  of  men  in  any  way  in  sympathy  with  him- 
self. These  volumes  show  further  his  singularly  constructive  and 
irenic  temper  of  mind.  Forced,  in  the  very  nature  of  the  case,  to 
a-rouse  opposition,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  work  of  reassuring  and 
inspiring  faith.  He  would  never  allow  anything  like  personality  or 
rehgious  controversy  on  the  pages  of  any  journal  with  which  he  had 
to  do.  He  recognized  the  assistance  which  archaeology  can  render 
criticism,  and  during  these  years,  as  later,  he  constantly  published 
material  which  would  present  in  popular  form  the  results  of  excava- 
tion. And  in  the  last  two  or  three  years  of  his  hfe  he  was  able  to 
gratify  his  ambitions,  not  only  to  conduct  independent  excavations, 
both  in  Babylonia  and  in  Egypt,  but  to  make  this  journal  the  organ 
of  such  expeditions. 

I  did  not  know  him  during  these  early  years,  and  so  can  speak 
personally  only  of  his  later  period,  subsequent  to  1894.  By  that 
time  he  was  already  President  of  the  University,  and  of  necessity  was 
forced  to  rehnquish  to  other  hands  a  large  amount  of  editorial  respon- 
sibility. But  in  the  case  of  the  Biblical  World  and  of  Hebraica  he 
still  was  editor  in  fact  as  well  as  in  name.  During  the  early  years  of 
the  University  he  wrote  a  good  proportion  of  the  editorial  matter, 
and,  what  was  more,  exercised  a  very  close  supervision  of  the  general 
policy  and  plans  of  the  pubHcation.     For  a  number  of  years  it  was 


2o6  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

customary  for  him  to  hold  an  annual  meeting  of  his  associate  editors 
for  the  purpose  of  electing  a  secretary-editor,  and  outhning  the 
general  poHcy  of  the  magazine  for  the  coming  year.  All  of  us  who 
ever  attended  these  annual  conferences  look  back  upon  them  with  sad 
pleasure.  It  was  not  .the  President  of  the  University  who  then  sat 
at  the  head  of  t4ie  table,  but  the  enthusiastic  popularizer  of  bibUcal 
literature,  a  man  possessed  of  a  born  editor's  insight. 

He  knew  his  public  as  no  one  of  us  did.  Anyone  who  cares  to  make 
the  investigation  can  recognize  easily  the  four  great  transitions  in 
his  editorial  policy.  First  he  was  a  Hebraist;  then  he  was  a  student 
of  the  Bible;  then  he  was  a  student  of  all  sacred  hterature;  and  then, 
just  at  the  moment  when  the  world  of  education  began  seriously  to 
take  notice  of  the  possibihty  of  religious  education,  he  made  the 
Biblical  World  an  organ  for  teaching  as  well  as  for  study.  How 
great  his  influence  in  each  of  these  four  phases  was,  is  obvious  to 
everybody,  and  it  is  easy  to  see  that  they  had  their  counterpart  in 
the  shifting  of  interest  in  the  religious  world.  And  each  change  of 
pohcy  originated  with  him. 

He  had  to  educate  some  of  us — and,  as  it  appears  now  in  retro- 
spect, with  great  patience  and  not  without  difficulty — into  sharing 
his  point  of  view  as  to  the  true  pohcy  for  the  journal.  Here  again 
George  S.  Goodspeed  was  an  indispensable  ally,  for  during  the  open- 
ing years  of  the  University  he  bore  the  brunt  of  the  routine  work  on 
the  journal.  He  was  so  thoroughly  in  sympathy  with  President 
Harper  as  never  to  miss  the  point  of  his  chief's  pohcy.  Subsequent 
to  1895,  as  the  pressure  of  administrative  duties  increased.  President 
Harper's  work  can  be  said  to  have  varied  between  general  direction 
of  the  editorial  policy  and  detailed  oversight.  As  a  general  rule,  he 
planned  or  approved  the  contents  of  each  number,  although  he  was 
always  ready  to  give  his  secretary-editor  considerable  freedom  in 
determining  details.  As  his  associates  came  to  reahze  his  point  of 
view,  he  trusted  them  generously,  though  never  relinquishing  in  the 
shghtest  degree  final  responsibihty.  .  His  relations  with  the  journals, 
even  after  their  number  had  been  increased  by  the  founding,  at  his 
initiative,  of  the  American  Journal  0}  Theology,  never  became  per- 
functory. In  the  very  last  weeks  of  his  hfe  he  held  conferences  with 
his   associates  to   discuss   matters   of    editorial   policy,  and   only  a 


AS  AN  EDITOR  207 

short  time  before  his  death  he  suggested  an  elaborate  symposium  on 
Maeterlinck's  article  on  "Immortality." 

Nor  was  his  interest  limited  to  such  general  matters.  Till  failing 
health  prevented  it,  he  not  only  gave  the  final  word  as  to  what 
should  go  into  each  number,  but  always  expected  also  to  approve 
the  final  page-proofs.  He  was  a  purist  in  style,  and  would  edit 
manuscripts  at  certain  points  with  rigor.  As  we  look  back  over 
the  now  rapidly  accumulating  volumes  of  the  Biblical  World,  the 
American  Journal  0}  Semitic  Languages,  and  the  American  Journal 
0}  Theology,  it  is  possible  to  see  innumerable  evidences  of  his  edi- 
torial care.  Any  one  of  us  who  has  had  to  do  with  him  in  his  editorial 
capacity  will  be  prompt  to  admit  that  those  numbers  with  which  he 
had  most  to  do,  and  those  volumes  whose  policies  he  planned  most 
in  detail,  are  the  best  which  have  been  published. 

His  fertility  of  suggestion  and  the  precision  with  which  he  fore- 
cast tendencies  in  the  religious  field  were  amazing.  The  rest  of  us 
co-operated,  and  as  far  as  possible  carried  out  his  plans;  but  his 
editorial  conferences  with  the  secretary-editor  or  with  the  board  of 
editors  were  frequent.  For  years  he  devoted  a  portion  of  one  day  in 
every  week  to  editorial  conferences.  I  suppose  that  his  little  red  note- 
book, devoted  to  his  editorial  duties,  contains  enough  plans  never  put 
into  effect  to  give  distinction  and  vigor  to  half  a  dozen  rehgious  pub- 
lications. In  these  conferences  a  man  saw  Dr.  Harper's  real  self. 
Those  of  us  who  came  in  contact  with  him  in  other  relations  will  be 
the  first  to  admit  that  he  was  as  much  our  superior  in  matters  of 
articles,  and  even  type  and  cover-page,  as  he  was  in  matters  of  univer- 
sity policy  and  organization.  Every  man  of  us  counts  this  intimacy 
which  he  there  gave  us  as  the  choicest  in  our  memory. 

But  President  Harper  was  not  content  with  this  pecuharly  biblical 
editorial  work.  For  years  he  cherished  an  increasing  ambition  to 
found  a  religious  pubHcation  on  broader  hnes.  In  1903  he  interested 
a  number  of  men  of  means  in  such  a  publication,  and  as  a  result 
there  was  established  a  weekly  publication  of  general  character,  called 
Christendom.  The  career  of  that  journal  was  too  short  to  be  even 
checkered,  but  his  heart  was  wrapped  up  in  it,  and  its  disappearance 
was  a  bitter  disappointment.  He  was  the  chairman  of  its  editorial 
committee,  and  remained  in  the  same  position  in  the  case  of  The 


2o8  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

World  To-Bay,  with  which  it  was  merged.  His  faihng  health,  how- 
ever, never  permitted  him  to  take  as  large  a  share  in  the  editorial 
pubhcation  as  he  had  hoped.  But  even  here  he  showed  the  capacity 
of  the  born  editor,  and  I  shall  never  forget  the  few  but  intense 
hours  we  spent  together  in  discussing  the  policy,  and  even  minute 
matters,  of  the  two  publications. 

Of  the  great  work  which  President  Harper  performed  in  the  found- 
ing of  journals  outside  the  field  of  his  own  study  there  is  no  adequate 
space  to  speak.  The  experience  which  he  had  in  the  Hebrew  Stu- 
dent and  its  companion,  Hehraica,  led  him,  when  he  became  President 
of  the  University,  to  feel  the  importance  of  such  journals  to  every 
department  of  instruction  and  investigation,  and  to  include  them  in 
his  first  preliminary  plans  for  the  organization  of  the  University. 
The  result  appears  in  the  long  list  of  special  journals  pubhshed  by 
the  University  Press,  each  of  which  owes  its  existence,  not  only  to  the 
zeal  of  the  representatives  of  those  departments,  but  to  the  President's 
encouragement  and  support. 

In  the  long  perspective  of  his  life  Dr.  Harper's  editorial  work  does 
not  bulk  as  large  as  his  work  as  a  scholar,  a  teacher,  and  a  creator  of 
an  institution  and  of  policy;  but  any  one  of  us  who  knew  him  in  his 
editorial  capacity  will  readily  admit  that  he  had  the  making  in  him 
of  one  of  the  world's  great  editors.  As  it  stands,  there  are  men 
throughout  the  country  who  owe  more  to  him  in  this  capacity  than 
in  any  other,  and  among  the  monuments  he  has  left  I  am  sure  few 
will  be  more  lasting  than  the  three  journals  of  which  he  was  both 
founder  and  editor. 


IN  THE  POPULARIZATION  OF  BIBLE  STUDY 


CLYDE  W.  VOTAW 

The  University  of  Chicago 


To  those  interested  in  religious  study  and  religious  work  President 
Harper  was  chiefly  known  by  his  activity  in  promoting  the  historical 
study  of  the  Bible.  For  a  period  of  twenty-five  years  he  devoted  him- 
self with  great  enthusiasm  and  unceasing  labor  to  popularizing  the 
knowledge  of  the  Bible  which  had  been  acquired  by  scholars  during 
the  nineteenth  century.  He  wished  all  to  have  the  intimate  acquaint- 
ance with  and  love  for  the  Bible  which  he  had  himself  found  in  his 
professional  study.  That  was  a  worthy  ambition,  and  in  a  large 
measure  he  saw  its  realization. 

President  Harper  began  this  popular  Bible  work  in  the  year  1881, 
at  the  age  of  twenty-five,  two  years  after  he  became  professor  of 
Hebrew  in  the  Baptist  Theological  Seminary  at  Morgan  Park,  111. 
Here  he  was  teaching  Hebrew  to  seminary  classes,  but  he  saw  an 
opportunity  and  felt  an  impulse  to  arouse  the  ministers  of  Chicago, 
and  of  the  country  at  large,  to  a  renewed  study  of  Hebrew  and  the  Old 
Testament.  He  organized  clubs  of  ministers  for  this  purpose,  he 
conducted  summer  schools  at  several  centers,  and  he  prepared  corre- 
spondence courses  for  Hebrew  instruction.  His  enthusiasm  was  con- 
tagious. A  kind  of  Hebrew  revival  took  place  in  the  theological 
seminaries,  among  the  professors  as  well  as  among  the  students;  and 
the  ministers  of  many  churches,  denominations,  and  states  were 
stirred  to  vigorous  hnguistic  and  historical  study  of  the  Bible. 

Then  the  popular  work  grew  in  his  hands.  PubHc  interest 
increased.  There  arose  a  demand  for  similar  means  of  studying  the 
New  Testament  in  Greek,  and  later  for  the  study  of  the  English  Bible. 
Correspondence  courses  were  prepared  in  these  subjects  also,  summer 
schools  were  multiplied,  a  monthly  journal  to  lead  the  movement  was 
established.  In  ten  years'  time  President  Harper  was  the  recognized 
leader  in  America  of  scholarly  Bible  study  among  the  people.     Nor 

209 


2IO  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

did  his  entrance  upon  the  presidency  of  the  University  of  Chicago  in 
1891  turn  him  aside  from  this  popular  work  to  which  he  was  ardently 
devoted.  On  the  contrary,  he  continued  his  interest  and  his  activities 
in  this  direction,  developing  the  various  organizations,  publications, 
and  methods  by  which  the  work  was  being  done.  No  duty  seemed  to 
the  President  more  attractive,  more  promising,  or  more  imperative. 
Into  this  work  he  poured  many  thousands  of  dollars  from  his  own 
annual  income,  together  with  generous  contributions  from  friends  of 
Bible  study  who  caught  from  him  the  vision  and  enthusiasm  for 
advancing  God's  kingdom  in  this  noble  way. 

From  the  beginning  in  1881,  throughout  the  twenty-five  years  until 
his  death,  this  extension  among  the  people  of  a  knowledge  and  appre- 
ciation of  the  Bible  was  carried  on  in  addition  to  his  extraordinary 
labors  as  an  Old  Testament  scholar  and  teacher,  first  as  professor 
of  Hebrew  in  the  Baptist  Theological  Seminary  at  Morgan  Park,  111., 
for  the  years  1879-86,  then  as  professor  of  Semitic  languages  and 
(after  1889)  of  biblical  hterature  in  Yale  University  for  the  years  1886- 
91,  and  finally  as  professor  and  head  of  the  department  of  Semitic 
languages  and  literatures  in  the  University  of  Chicago,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  presidency.  During  the  past  fifteen  years  President 
Harper  accomplished  the  work  of  three  average  men.  His  active 
mind,  his  inexhaustible  enthusiasm,  his  absolute  devotion  to  high 
ideals  and  gigantic  tasks,  his  tireless  energy,  and  his  extraordinary 
physical  strength,  enabled  him  to  achieve  great  results  in  scholarship, 
in  administration,  and  as  a  popular  leader. 

It  is  interesting  to  follow  the  development  of  the  organization  which 
President  Harper  constructed  for  promoting  Bible  study  among  the 
people.  The  foundation  was  laid  in  the  Institute  of  Hebrew,  which 
he  started  in  February,  1881,  with  the  support  of  many  of  America's 
best  Hebrew  scholars  and  teachers.  By  the  end  of  its  first  year  the 
Institute  of  Hebrew  had  correspondence  students  in  forty-four  states 
and  territories,  and  in  eight  foreign  countries.  In  the  succeeding  years 
many  hundreds  of  ministers  and  students  reviewed  or  acquired  Hebrew 
under  his  direction.  By  1889  the  need  for  correspondence  courses  in 
the  Greek  New  Testament  and  the  English  Bible,  as  well  as  for  other 
methods  of  popularizing  Bible  study  in  addition  to  the  correspondence 
instruction,  led  to  a  reorganization  of  the  Institute  of  Hebrew  under  a 


IN  THE  POPULARIZATION  OF  BIBLE  STUDY  211 

more  comprehensive  name,  the  American  Institute  of  Sacred  Litera- 
ture. Professor  Harper  was  elected  principal  of  the  Institute.  The 
official  statement  of  its  purpose  read:  "To  promote  the  philological, 
hterary,  historical,  and  exegetical  study  of  the  Scriptures  by  means  of 
such  instrumentahties  as  may  be  found  practicable." 

The  next  stage  of  development  in  this  organization  was  reached 
in  1895,  when  the  board  of  directors  was  merged  into  a  larger  body 
called  the  Council  of  Seventy,  the  active  members  of  which  were 
teachers  of  the  Bible  in  seminaries,  colleges,  and  universities  through- 
out the  country,  and  the  associate  members  were  ministers  and  reli- 
gious workers  of  many  denominations  and  hnes  of  activity.  To  this 
Council  was  assigned  the  direction  of  the  work  of  the  American  Insti- 
tute of  Sacred  Literature,  President  Harper  continuing  as  principal. 
The  Council  of  Seventy  set  forth  the  following  declaration  of  prin- 
ciples: "The  Council  does  not  stand  for  any  theory  of  interpretation, 
or  school  of  criticism,  or  denomination;  but  for  a  definite  endeavor 
to  promote  the  knowledge  of  the  Word  of  God  as  interpreted  in  the 
best  light  of  today.  From  this  point  of  view  also  the  contributions  of 
other  religious  literatures  are  sought  by  the  Council,  that  through  the 
study  of  these  literatures  the  teachings  of  the  Scriptures  may  be  more 
clearly  understood.  The  Council  is  organized  on  the  basis  of  a  belief 
that  the  Bible  is  a  unique  revelation  from  God,  and  it  strives  in  a 
constructive  spirit  to  investigate  the  teachings  of  the  Bible  and  to 
extend  its  influence  among  the  people.  While,  therefore,  a  large 
Hberty  is  allowed  to  the  individual  teacher,  the  position  occupied  by 
the  Council  is  ahogether  evangehcal." 

The  American  Institute  of  Sacred  Literature  survives  its  founder, 
and  will  continue  its  work.  The  only  change  necessitated  by  Presi- 
dent Harper's  death  (and  eiJected  by  himself  last  July)  was  the  union 
of  the  Institute  with  the  University  Extension  Division  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago,  in  order  to  guarantee  its  financial  support  and  to  give 
it  the  added  strength  of  affiliation  with  a  regular  educational  institu- 
tion. The  chairman  of  the  executive  committee  now  in  charge  is 
Professor  Ernest  D.  Burton,  head  of  the  New  Testament  department 
in  the  University  of  Chicago. 

The  financial  history  of  this  organization,  if  fully  written,  would 
be  of  interest.     Beginning  without   capital,  the  Institute  has  been 


212  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

sustained  for  twenty-five  years  by  the  income  from  its  students, 
supplemented  by  the  gifts  of  those  who  have  appreciated  its  work. 
Among  these  President  Harper  himself  was  always  the  largest  con- 
tributor. Urged  at  times  by  his  friends  to  lighten  his  heavy  load 
of  responsibility  by  discontinuing  the  Institute,  he  answered  that  he 
could  almost  as  easily  think  of  sacrificing  one  of  his  children.  One 
of  the  President's  unfulfilled  hopes  was  that  the  Institute  might  be 
amply  endowed,  and  thus  the  perpetuity  of  its  work  secured.  Yet 
the  sensitiveness  arising  from  his  official  relation  to  the  University, 
and  his  more  personal  relation  to  the  Institute  as  its  founder,  kept 
him  from  raising  or  accepting  large  sums  of  money  for  the  latter. 
In  one  notable  instance  he  declined,  for  the  reason  just  named,  an 
amount  that  would  have  constituted  for  the  Institute  an  adequate 
and  permanent  endowment. 

The  last  stage  in  the  development  of  the  popular  Bible  study  move- 
ment took  form  in  a  new,  distinct  organization  named  the  Religious 
Education  Association.  It  was  founded  by  an  important  convention 
for  religious  and  moral  education  held  at  Chicago  in  February,  1903, 
and  attended  by  eminent  representatives  of  the  churches,  the  schools 
and  colleges,  the  religious  press,  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  and  many  other 
institutions  and  agencies  for  religion  and  education  throughout  the 
United  States  and  Canada.  The  first  president  of  the  Association  was 
Dean  Frank  K.  Sanders,  of  Yale  University.  President  Harper,  whose 
ideals,  organizing  genius,  energy,  and  influence  had  created  this  great 
composite  and  complex  organization,  became  chairman  of  the  Execu- 
tive Board,  and  continued  in  this  office  until  his  death.  What  the 
Association  has  accomphshed  for  rehgious  and  moral  education  during 
the  three  years  of  its  activity  is  chiefly  the  product  of  President 
Harper's  remarkable  visions,  labors,  and  leadership. 

Another  line  of  popular  work  which  President  Harper  built  up 
was  that  of  Bible  teaching  through  lectures  dehvered  in  institutions 
for  general  education,  at  local  institutes  held  specifically  for  this  pur- 
pose in  many  cities,  at  summer  schools  wholly  or  partly  conducted 
for  this  purpose  in  many  parts  of  the  country,  and  other  similar  oppor- 
tunities. This  kind  of  work  was  in  a  sense  the  extension  of  divinity 
school  instruction  to  the  people  at  large.  Dr.  Harper  himself,  while 
professor  at  Yale  University,  gave  weekly  Bible  lectures  at  Vassar 


IN  THE  POPULARIZATION   OF  BIBLE  STUDY  213 

College  for  a  period  of  two  years ;  at  another  time  he  carried  on  a  simi- 
lar course  at  Wellesley  College.  He  lectured  also  in  many  cities, 
arousing  interest  in  and  enthusiasm  for  Bible  study.  For  many  years 
he  devoted  his  summers  to  teaching  the  Bible  at  summer  schools 
arranged  under  his  direction,  and  at  Chautauqua  assembhcs.  His 
striking  success  in  this  work  led  to  his  appointment  in  1885  as  prin- 
cipal of  the  Chautauc|ua  College  of  Liberal  Arts,  and  six  years  later  as 
principal  of  the  entire  Chautauqua  System,  an  office  which  he  retained 
until  1898.  It  was  an  uncounted  multitude  of  persons,  many  of  them 
already  leaders  in  Bible  study  and  religious  work,  who  made  Presi- 
dent Harper's  acquaintance  during  those  Chautauqua  summers, 
imbibed  his  learning,  caught  his  ardor,  and  went  forth  to  imitate  his 
energy  and  devotion  to  the  Bible.  Some  who  knew  him  in  those  Yale 
and  Chautauqua  years  think  they  were  the  happiest  of  his  life. 

Further,  the  regular  institutions  of  school  and  church  were  led 
by  President  Harper  to  see  a  new  ideal  and  to  feel  a  new  impulse  for 
Bible  study.  Many  of  the  best  colleges  of  America,  one  after  another, 
estabhshed  chairs  of  bibhcal  instruction  for  undergraduates,  as  a  part 
of  the  general  training  afforded  by  their  curricula.  It  became  recog- 
nized that  the  general  student,  as  well  as  the  professional  theological 
student,  was  entitled  to,  and  should  receive,  good  college  instruction 
in  the  history,  hterature,  and  teaching  of  both  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ments. President  Harper  projected  a  series  of  textbooks  for  the  study 
of  the  Bible  in  colleges,  and  himself  prepared  two  valuable  volumes 
of  the  series.  Constructive  Studies  in  the  Priestly  Element  in  ike  Old 
Testament  (third  edition,  1905),  and  Constructive  Studies  in  the  Pro- 
phetic Element  in  the  Old  Testament  (1905). 

The  Sunday  school,  too,  received  much  attention  in  his  thought  and 
work.  He  clearly  saw  the  important  place  that  it  occupies  in  the 
rehgious  and  moral  education  of  the  child,  and  the  vital  need  of  the 
child  for  an  early  acquaintance  with  the  Bible,  that  its  ideas,  its  ex- 
amples, its  inspiration  may  become  an  essential  factor  in  the  personal 
development.  He  accomplished  much  toward  bringing  about  a  better 
knowledge  of  the  Bible  on  the  part  of  Sunday-school  teachers,  and 
better  Bible  study  on  the  part  of  the  children.  For  the  Sunday 
school  also  he  began  the  publication  of  a  series  of  textbooks,  several 
volumes  of  which  have  already  appeared.     He  was  for  nine  years 


2r4  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

superintendent  of  the  Hyde  Park  Baptist  Sunday  School,  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  University  of  Chicago,  and  led  in  working  out  prac- 
tically some  of  the  difficult  problems  of  a  regular  Sunday-school  cur- 
riculum and  of  the  reconstruction  of  methods  necessitated  by  a  higher 
Sunday-school  ideal.  The  plans  of  the  ReHgious  Education  Associa- 
tion in  regard  to  Sunday-school  improvement  and  progress  were 
expressive  of  his  ideas  and  purposes  in  this  direction.  It  was  one 
of  President  Harper's  cherished  but  unfulfilled  projects  to  estabhsh 
in  connection  with  the  University,  as  a  part  of  its  School  of  Educa- 
tion, a  "model"  Sunday  school  for  experiment  in  realizing  the  best 
ideas  for  this  vital  educational  institution  of  the  church. 

The  Divinity  School  of  the  University  of  Chicago,  and  indirectly 
many  other  theological  seminaries,  felt  the  inspiration  and  force  of 
President  Harper's  clear,  far-sighted,  and  incisive  thinking  upon  the 
subject  of  the  instruction  and  training  of  young  men  for  the  ministry. 
He  loved  the  Bible,  the  young  men,  and  the  people  to  whom  they 
were  to  minister.  To  bring  young  men  to  understand  and  appre- 
ciate the  Bible  was  his  first  aim;  his  second  was  to  prepare  the  young 
men  to  bring  the  people  to  know  and  love  and  live  the  Bible. 

Finally,  all  these  fines  of  popular  religious  work  were  reinforced, 
guided,  and  inspired  by  President  Harper's  monthly  pubUcation,  the 
Biblical  World.  This  magazine  had  grown  up  with  him,  and  was 
one  of  his  chief  joys.  It  has  been  the  most  constant  and  the  most 
complete  exponent  of  his  whole  soul  and  his  whole  career.  The  year 
1882  saw  its  beginning  as  a  thin  Httle  quarto  paper  called  the  Hebrew 
Student,  designed  to  aid  in  the  campaign  for  Hebrew  study  he  then 
had  in  progress.  The  next  year  it  became  a  monthly,  the  number  of 
its  pages  was  increased,  and  it  was  rechristened  the  Old  Testament 
Student.  Thenceforth  it  contained  editorials,  articles,  and  studies, 
not  only  upon  the  language  of  the  Old  Testament,  but  upon  its  history, 
Hterature,  and  teaching  as  well.  Six  years  later,  in  1888,  the  maga- 
zine had  again  outgrown  its  size  and  its  name.  The  movement  for 
Bible  study  among  the  people  had  become  widespread  and  influential. 
The  New  Testament  could  no  longer  be  absent  from  the  periodical 
that  was  voicing  the  ideas  and  principles  of  this  movement.  The  peri- 
odical was  once  more  enlarged,  and  its  name  again  changed,  becoming 
the  Old  and  New  Testament  Student.     The  editorials,  articles,  studies, 


IN   THE  POPULARIZATION  OF  BIBLE  STUDY  215 

and  book  reviews  now  dealt  with  the  whole  Bible.  The  circulation 
increased,  and  the  Sludcnt  accomplished  great  things  in  theological 
seminaries,  colleges,  Bible  classes,  Sunday  schools,  the  pastor's  study, 
and  the  home.  The  editor's  name  was  known  and  his  influence  felt 
in  religious  circles  everywhere.  His  scholarship  and  his  enthusiastic 
activity  for  better  Bible  study  assisted  to  make  a  new  era  in  the  prog- 
ress of  religious  education. 

One  further  stage  in  the  development  of  this  magazine  was  reached 
in  1893.  At  that  time  it  was  adopted  into  the  system  of  periodical 
pubHcations  inaugurated  by  the  University  of  Chicago  as  a  part  of 
its  educational  work.  President  Harper  then  found  for  it  the  name 
which  for  thirteen  years  it  has  borne,  the  Biblical  World.  Until 
his  death  he  continued  to  direct  its  pohcy.  As  it  had  been  the  special 
recipient  of  his  thought  and  labor  since  he  founded  it  in  1882,  so 
it  continued  to  receive  his  guidance,  express  his  spirit,  announce 
his  plans,  and  publish  the  fruits  of  his  studies.  In  the  advance 
made  during  the  last  twenty-five  years  in  popular  Bible  study,  and 
indeed  in  the  historical  interpretation  of  the  Bible  by  professional 
scholars  in  America,  the  work  done  by  President  Harper  through  the 
Biblical  World  has  been  no  small  factor.  What  man  of  the  present 
generation  has  seen  more  clearly  and  more  effectively  than  he  the 
truth,  the  glory,  the  usefulness,  and  the  power  of  the  Bible  ?  Who 
among  us  has  done  as  much  as  he  to  make  the  Bible  a  hving  book  ? 
Who  has  more  truly  exalted  the  Bible  in  the  thoughts  and  hearts  of  his 
fellow-men  ?  He  subjected  his  Ufe  to  the  truth  and  the  leading  of  the 
Bible,  he  devoted  his  Hfe  to  teaching  the  Bible  to  others.  What  he 
gave  in  so  many  ways  to  the  world  was  his  own  grasp  and  apprecia- 
tion of  God  as  he  revealed  himself  in  the  Bible.  President  Harper's 
supreme  purpose  in  all  his  work  was  to  inspire  others  to  commit 
their  lives,  as  he  had  committed  his  hfe,  to  the  love  and  will  of  God 
— the  God  of  Moses,  of  Samuel,  of  Amos,  and  of  Isaiah,  the  God 
supremely  revealed  in  Jesus  Christ. 


AS  UNIVERSITY  PRESIDENT 


ALBION  W.  SMALL 

The  University  of  Chicago 


One  might  go  far  astray  in  attempting  to  generalize  Dr.  Harper  as 
"the  university  president."  Pioneer  work  of  creating  out  of  nothing 
an  institution  with  an  individuaHty  of  its  own  is  not  the  normal  func- 
tion of  university  presidents.  Unless  we  assume  the  contrary,  it 
would  evidently  be  jumping  at  conclusions  to  treat  Dr.  Harper's 
career  as  typical,  or  even  as  decisive  about  the  sort  of  administrator 
he  would  be  under  ordinary  circumstances.  What  we  know  is  the 
way  in  which  he  did  his  work  as  maker  of  the  University  of  Chicago. 
His  associates  often  amused  themselves  with  speculations  about  the 
manner  of  man  he  might  have  been  at  the  head  of  an  institution  of 
the  conventional  sort.  In  such  a  situation  his  activities  would  neces- 
sarily have  been  so  otherwise  adjusted  that  they  might  have  given  him 
a  quite  different  reputation.  The  man  would  have  been  the  same, 
but  his  tasks  would  have  called  for  exercise  of  other  modulations  of 
quahties. 

It  is  one  thing  to  administer  and  to  develop  an  estabhshed  organi- 
zation. It  is  a  radically  different  thing  to  evolve  and  to  pursue  a  pro- 
gram for  a  unique  purpose.  If  that  purpose  is  broad  and  deep  and 
prescient,  to  reahze  it  will  require,  not  merely  conservation,  but  con- 
struction; not  merely  co-ordination,  but  creation;  not  merely  respect 
for  precedent,  but  originality  to  supersede  precedents  and  find  sub- 
stitutes for  them. 

The  basis  of  Dr.  Harper's  work  as  President  was  a  daring  analy- 
sis of  the  whole  social  situation  in  the  United  States.  That  analysis 
did  not  go  into  all  the  particulars  which  would  interest  the  socio- 
logists. It  went  far  enough  to  justify  in  Dr.  Harper's  mind  pre- 
cise convictions  about  some  of  the  demands  upon  education  that  are 
implicit  in  American  democracy. 

Most  men  tend  either  so  to  venerate  the  past  that  they  are  not 
free,  or  so  to  disregard  the  past  that  they  are  not  sane.     Dr.  Harper 

2l6 


AS  UNIVERSITY  PRESIDENT  217 

had  a  respect  for  the  past  that  often  seemed  to  verge  upon  rituah'sm. 
At  the  same  time  his  insight  into  the  provisional  character  of 
men's  achievements  prompted  an  independence  of  the  past  frequently 
branded  as  iconoclasm.  The  resultant  of  these  two  factors  of  his 
character  was,  on  the  one  hand,  indomitable  confidence  that  great 
things  to  do  are  always  directly  ahead,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  that 
the  way  to  do  them  is  by  using  the  experience  of  the  past. 

Dr.  Harper's  analysis  of  American  conditions  determined  the  main 
plank  of  his  working  platform ;  namely,  that  more  and  better  educa- 
tion is  the  primary  condition  of  progressive  democracy.  Accordingly 
the  central  ambition  of  his  hfe  was  to  do  everything  in  his  power  to 
make  the  educational  element  in  our  institutions  adequate  to  the 
needs  of  our  situation.  The  ambition  did  not  take  this  general  form 
until  the  problem  of  the  presidency  confronted  him  as  a  practical  ques- 
tion. The  ambition  did  not  cease  to  grow  strong  and  clear  and  high 
until  his  thoughts  dismissed  the  interests  of  this  world  a  few  days 
before  his  death. 

Without  tracing  the  influence  of  his  apprentice  years  as  student 
and  teacher  of  Semitics,  it  is  easy  to  define  the  cardinal  aim  which 
shaped  his  work  at  Chicago.  His  imagination  had  pictured  the  most 
important  contribution  that  could  be  made  to  American  education — 
a  university  which  should  be  distinctive  in  its  combination  and 
emphasis  of  three  things.  The  first  was  investigation.  Every 
important  subject  within  the  possible  realm  of  knowledge  should  be 
regarded  as  a  field  for  research,  so  far  as  it  presented  scientific  prob- 
lems. Not  least  among  the  problems  which  the  University  should 
investigate  was  itself.  It  should  never  so  far  take  itself  for  granted  as 
to  presume  that  its  methods  were  final.  Education,  from  nursery  to 
laboratory,  should  be  treated  as  a  perpetual  experiment,  and  methods 
should  be  changed  to  meet  either  new  conditions  or  better  insight  into 
the  conditions.  The  second  trait  of  the  University  should  be  its 
active  ambition  for  human  service.  Knowledge  for  general  use,  not 
for  the  culture  of  scholars,  was  the  ideal.  Scholarship  should  be 
promoted  as  zealously  as  though  it  were  an  end  unto  itself,  but  the 
final  appraisal  of  scholarship  should  be,  not  its  prestige  with  scholars, 
but  its  value  to  human  life.  The  University  should  be,  not  a  retreat 
from  the  world,  but  a  base  of  operations  in  the  world.     The  third 


2l8  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

distinctive  trait  should  be  accessibility.  The  University  should  have 
more  ways  of  entrance  than  older  institutions  had  provided,  and  it 
should  have  more  direct  channels  of  communicating  the  best  it  could 
give  to  the  world.  Besides  attempting  to  reach  these  special  ends, 
it  should  do  its  share  of  the  conventional  work  of  imparting  knowl- 
edge bv  the  best  methods  that  had  been  discovered. 

Dr.  Harper  neither  believed  nor  desired  that  the  University  of  his 
ideal  should  maintain  a  perpetual  monopoly  of  its  merits.  He  saw 
that  American  education  was  deficient  in  the  particulars  which  his 
ideal  emphasized.  He  beheved  that  the  most  immediate  means  of 
correcting  the  defects  would  be  to  prove  the  feasibihty  of  improvement 
in  a  concrete  case.  He  had  no  doubt  that  success  by  a  single  university 
in  showing  a  better  way  would  presently  affect  the  policy  of  all  other 
universities.  To  what  extent  this  forecast  has  already  been  justified, 
a  member  of  the  University  of  Chicago  may  not  venture  to  judge. 

Not  least  significant  among  the  results  of  Dr.  Harper's  prelimi- 
nary survey  of  social  conditions  was  his  conclusion  about  the  desirable 
location  of  the  path-breaking  University.  For  several  years  a  plan 
to  plant  a  new  university  in  an  eastern  city  had  been  under  con- 
sideration. Men  of  accredited  wisdom  and  large  influence  had  shared 
in  shaping  the  project.  There  were  encouraging  grounds  for  hope 
that  sufficient  money  could  be  obtained.  Presently  it  became  neces- 
sary for  Dr.  Harper  to  express  his  opinion  about  the  scheme.  At 
this  point  his  study  of  American  tendencies  registered  a  strategic 
judgment.  It  involved  a  complicated  and  costly  moral  struggle, 
threatening  interruption  and  perhaps  loss  of  valued  friendships,  to 
have  the  courage  of  his  convictions.  It  was  even  possible  that  differ- 
ence of  opinion  might  altogether  divert  from  education  the  endow- 
ments that  were  in  prospect.  In  spite  of  personal  preferences, 
however,  and  in  defiance  of  inveterate  prejudice  that  dignified  Ameri- 
can leadership  must  center  in  the  East,  Dr.  Harper  reached  the  con- 
clusion that  the  most  promising  place  for  a  dynamic  movement  in 
education  was  the  Middle  West.  There  are  good  reasons  for  the 
behef  that  this  proved  to  be  the  crucial  test  of  Dr.  Harper's  fitness  to 
be  put  in  charge  of  a  great  educational  enterprise. 

In  recent  years  we  have  become  familiar  with  reflections  upon  the 
merits  and  demerits  of  the  administrative  type  that  is  supposed  to  have 


AS  UNIVERSITY  PRESIDENT  219 

supplanted  the  scholarly  type  in  university  presidencies.  The  delicacy 
of  our  refinement  and  the  nicety  of  our  discrimination  are  reflected 
in  the  current  phrase  "the  educational  boss."  Both  explicitly  and  by 
implication  Dr.  Harper  has  been  designated,  oftener  than  any  other 
man,  as  a  fair  specimen  of  the  type.  So  far  as  the  facts  in  his  case 
affect  the  general  question,  the  type  is  radically  misunderstood,  and 
the  epithets  used  to  depreciate  it  are  ignorantly  misappHed.  Dr. 
Harper  was  essentially  the  leader  in  an  expanding  educational  experi- 
ment. He  was  the  organizer  and  foremost  observer  in  a  co-operative 
scientific  investigation.  His  work  as  commissary  general  for  the 
enterprise  was  always  rated  by  himself,  and  was  always  in  fact, 
subordinate  and  incidental  to  the  controlling  scholarly  purpose  to 
increase  knowledge  in  order  to  enrich  life.  Instead  of  displaying  the 
spirit  of  a  despot,  he  was  the  most  zealous  and  docile  learner  in  the 
whole  organization.  He  was  not  merely  tolerant  of  other  views  than 
his  own,  but  he  never  assumed  the  responsibihty  of  a  decision  about 
a  question  of  University  interests,  from  the  appointment  of  a  docent 
to  the  organization  of  a  professional  school,  without  attempting  to 
exhaust  the  evidence  from  every  source  that  could  shed  light  upon  the 
problem.  When  the  story  of  Dr.  Harper's  life  is  told  in  detail,  the 
facts  not  merely  about  his  departmental  scholarship,  but  about  his 
whole  administrative  career,  will  have  to  be  arranged  around  this 
central  proposition:  His  personality  was  a  consistent  reflection  of 
the  faith,  "The  truth  shall  make  you  free."  From  first  to  last,  in 
spirit  and  in  practice,  his  central  allegiance  was  to  the  service  of 
truth. 


IN  ASSOCIATION  WITH  HIS  COLLEAGUES 


ERNEST  D.  BURTON 

The  University  of  Chicago 


President  Harper  was  by  nature  and  training  a  leader.  Few  men 
of  his  generation  have  possessed  in  larger  measure  than  he  those  qual- 
ities which  mark  one  as  made  for  captaincy,  and  which  make  other 
men  wilhng  and  glad  to  enhst  under  his  leadership.  But  his 
leadership  was  always  genial,  never  magisterial.  Men  followed  him 
instinctively  and  from  preference,  not  under  compulsion.  He  under- 
stood men,  he  appreciated  what  was  best  in  them,  he  loved  compan- 
ionship; his  horizon  was  broad,  and  his  insight  keen;  he  was  hopeful, 
courageous  to  the  point  of  daring,  persistent  and  self-sacrificing. 
Withal,  he  was  intensely  human.  His  best  friends  and  warmest  ad- 
mirers recognized  his  faults.  But  they  were  the  faults  of  a  strong 
man,  fighting  a  strenuous  battle  in  an  imperfect  world.  None  of  them 
was  the  fault  of  a  weakling,  and  none  of  them  sprang  from  self-seek- 
ing. In  all  his  ambitions  he  never  intentionally  injured  another, 
sought  always  those  things  that  were  helpful  to  others. 

Dr.  Harper  was  eminently  a  companionable  man.  He  loved  his 
fellows,  and  he  loved  to  associate  them  with  himself  in  work  and  in 
play,  in  planning  and  in  executing.  In  the  multitude  of  those  enter- 
prises in  which  he  engaged  as  President  of  the  University  of  Chicago, 
and  of  its  Divinity  School,  as  head  of  the  department  of  Semitic  lan- 
guages, as  editor  of  the  journals  with  which  he  was  connected,  in  the 
conduct  of  the  American  Institute  of  Sacred  Literature,  he  dehghted 
to  work  in  association  with  others.  Even  in  his  study  he  enjoyed  the 
fellowship  of  another  mind,  and  in  authorship  associated  himself  with 
others,  dividing  work  and  responsibihty  with  them.  With  a  keen  dis- 
cernment of  the  ability  and  character  of  other  men,  which  enabled 
him  to  recognize  the  particular  work  which  each  was  adapted  to 
accomplish,  his  judgments  were  characteristically  those  of  apprecia- 
tion, not  of  depreciation.  He  usually  rated  a  man  higher  than  the 
man  himself  did,  and  beUeved  him  capable  of  larger  things  than  he 


IN  ASSOCIATION  WITH  HIS  COLLEAGUES  221 

would  himself  have  undertaken.  As  a  rule,  the  outcome  justified  his 
faith.  And  if  sometimes  the  future  behed  his  judgment,  if  some- 
times a  man  proved  unworthy  of  the  confidence  reposed  in  him,  this 
testified  rather  to  President  Harper's  healthy  faith  in  humanity  than 
to  a  judgment  habitually  faulty. 

It  was  in  no  small  measure  this  appreciative  discernment  of  the 
pecuHar  strength  of  individual  men  that  enabled  him  to  associate  with 
himself  in  the  various  departments  of  the  University,  and  the  varied 
forms  of  his  activity,  men  of  widely  diverse  temperament,  tastes,  and 
even  convictions.  With  each  of  them  he  had  his  point  of  contact  and 
sympathy.  And  men  who  would  never  have  been  drawn  into  co- 
operation by  any  attraction  for  one  another  found  themselves  able, 
through  their  common  relations  to  Dr.  Harper,  harmoniously  to 
co-operate  for  a  common  end. 

He  was  particularly  successful  in  developing  the  abilities  and  am- 
bitions of  younger  men.  He  would  talk  with  them  at  length  concern- 
ing the  possibilities  of  their  own  particular  line  of  work  and  career, 
often  outlining  plans  that  would  require  years  to  accomplish.  Some- 
times the  young  man  himself  failed  to  perceive  the  necessity  of  the 
time  element,  and  grew  impatient  at  the  President's  apparent  failure 
to  bring  about  the  fulfilment  of  his  own  prophecies.  With  the  man 
of  real  ability  and  promise  he  had  all  the  patience  and  faithfulness 
of  a  father  in  correcting  mistakes  and  imparting  ideals  and  inspiration. 

No  one  who  has  had  the  experience  of  being  a  member  of  one 
of  those  groups  of  men,  sometimes  large,  often  small,  that  gathered 
in  the  President's  office  or  study,  to  confer  and  plan  together  with  the 
least  possible  formality,  will  ever  forget  how  under  his  leadership  hori- 
zons were  broadened,  impossible  tasks  became  wholly  practicable,  and 
hard  work  a  pleasure. 

Most  fertile  in  suggestion  of  new  plans  himself,  most  original  in 
devising  new  methods  of  work,  he  was  at  the  same  time  most  hospi- 
table toward  every  suggestion  put  forth  by  his  associates,  and  quick 
to  express  appreciation  of  it.  Most  ready  to  discard  an  old  and 
favorite  method  of  accomplishing  a  result,  when  that  method  had 
outhved  its  usefulness  or  could  be  displaced  by  a  better  one;  most 
keen  to  perceive  any  change  in  conditions,  demanding  a  correspond- 
ing change  in  means  or  methods,  he  yet  welcomed  the  sharpest  criti- 


222  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

cism  of  new  plans,  and  carefully  weighed  every  objection.  Invin- 
cibly persistent  when  he  was  sure  that  he  was  right,  willing  to  wait 
weeks,  months,  years,  if  need  be,  for  the  fulfilment  of  his  plans  and 
his  dreams,  but  never  wilHng  to  admit  that  what  ought  to  be  could  not 
be,  there  was  yet  nothing  of  obstinacy  in  him.  The  mere  fact  that 
another  disagreed  with  him,  though  that  other  was  his  warmest  friend, 
or  one  for  whose  opinions  he  had  most  respect,  could  not  change  his 
own  opinion,  had  Httle  effect  indeed  upon  that  opinion.  But  he 
could  be  dissuaded  from  immediate  action  by  the  dissenting  judgment 
of  others,  and  argument  or  reconsideration  sometimes  led  to  a  real 
change  of  mind. 

Nothing  was  more  characteristic  of  Dr.  Harper,  nothing  more 
clearly  marked  him  for  leadership,  than  the  largeness  and  boldness 
of  the  plans  that  shaped  themselves  in  his  mind  and  often  came  to 
expression  in  informal  conferences  with  his  colleagues.  The  demand 
thus  made  upon  those  who  were  associated  with  him  was  large,  but  it  was 
never  a  mere  imposition  of  burdens  upon  others.  He  always  insisted 
upon  taking  a  full  share  of  the  load  himself,  and  showed  a  real  appre- 
ciation of  what  he  was  asking  of  others.  If  the  great  burdens  that 
he  bore  sometimes  made  it  impossible  for  him  to  perform  all  that 
he  undertook,  or  if  plans  in  which  others  took  a  share  with  him  some- 
times had  to  be  postponed  again  and  again  from  sheer  lack  of  time  or 
of  opportunity  to  carry  them  out,  he  never  despaired,  .but  cheerfully 
set  forward  the  date  for  the  achievement  of  the  effort,  and  pressed 
resolutely  and  hopefully  forward. 

A  man  of  large  ambitions,  he  was  singularly  free  from  self- 
seeking.  For  the  University,  for  the  Institute  of  Sacred  Literature, 
for  the  Religious  Education  Association,  for  the  journals  which  he 
edited,  for  all  these  he  had  great  hopes  and  great  ambitions.  To 
these,  and  the  other  agencies  through  which  he  could  serve  his 
fellow-men,  he  gave  himself  in  reckless  self-forgetfulness  and  generous 
self-sacrifice. 

To  work  with  such  a  leader  was  an  education  in  all  that  makes 
for  noble  leadership.  To  have  worked  with  him  is  a  precious 
memory,  and  an  inspiration  to  live  earnestly  and  generously  while 
life  lasts. 


HIS  RELIGIOUS  LIFE 


PROFESSOR  CHARLES  RUFUS  BROWN,    PH.D.,  D.D. 
Newton  Centre,  Mass. 


The  opportunity  afforded  the  present  writer  is  one  of  which  any 
friend  of  President  Harper  may  well  be  proud,  though  it  presents  some 
peculiar  difficulties,  owing  to  the  remarkable  combination  of  qualities 
in  his  abounding  personality,  each  of  which  seemed  unfettered  by  the 
others,  but,  when  presented  without  the  others,  affords  a  one-sided 
exhibit  of  his  nature.  It  must  be  remembered  also  that  with  Dr.  Har- 
per the  act  that  it  seemed  best  to  do  was  first  done,  and  then  justified 
at  the  bar  of  reason  and  conscience.  As  Professor  Small  well  says : 
"The  impulse  of  rehgion,  rather  than  a  theory  of  it,  was  the  constant 
undercurrent  of  his  Hfe."^  Moreover,  it  is  true  that,  while  brave  and 
outspoken  in  the  expression  of  his  feelings  and  opinions,  he  was  natu- 
rally reticent  on  the  subject  of  his  personal  relation  to  God.  It  is 
necessary,  therefore,  to  examine  his  character  at  certain  special  epochs, 
and  to  quote  some  of  his  language  uttered  then,  if  we  would  discover 
the  highest  rehgious  motives  that  he  cherished;  and  it  will  be  need- 
ful to  take  a  general  view  of  his  Hfe  in  the  length  and  breadth  of  his 
activity,  if  we  would  avoid  confusing  him  with  the  conventional  saint. 

In  early  childhood  began  that  interest  in  the  Bible  which  has  been 
a  characteristic  feature  of  President  Harper's  pubhc  Hfe.  This  was 
due  in  part  to  the  unfeigned  faith  which  dwelt,  first,  in  his  grandmother 
Rainey,  who  was  well  known  among  the  members  of  her  denomina- 
tion for  her  accurate  knowledge  of  the  Bible.  Before  William  was 
able  to  read,  his  helpful  parents  were  drawn  upon  as  readers  of  his 
"good  book"  (a  children's  hfe  of  Jesus)  to  him,  and  before  he  was 
ten  years  old,  he  had  committed  to  memory  large  portions  of  Scrip- 
ture. Sometime  during  his  boyhood  he  found  himself  at  variance 
wdth  some  of  the  sentiments  of  his  parents,  who  were  United  Presby- 
terians, and  he  expressed  a  desire  to  join  the  Presbyterian  church  of 
his  native  town.     This  desire  may  not  have  been  particularly  strong, 

I  In  the  Standard  for  January  20,  1906. 

223 


224  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

and,  at  any  rate,  he  was  easily  dissuaded  by  his  father,  who  at  that 
time  took  a  somewhat  different  view  of  such  a  matter  from  that  which 
commended  itself  to  him  in  subsequent  years.  These  details  are 
given  in  order  to  account  for  the  impression  of  his  aged  mother  that 
he  was  "a  good  Christian  boy  from  childhood,"  This  was  not,  how- 
ever, the  view  of  the  youth  himself.  On  this  point  the  writer  is  able, 
upon  unimpeachable  testimony,^  to  quote  his  own  emphatic  language 
used  in  Granville,  Ohio,  in  1877,  By  his  fellow-teachers  there  it  was 
taken  for  granted  that  he  was  a  church  member,  as  they  were,  and 
nothing  to  the  contrary  appears  to  have  been  known  till  he  himself 
opened  the  question  of  "being  a  Christian"  several  months  after  his 
arrival  in  the  place ;  and  it  came  as  a  complete  surprise  to  most,  if  not 
all,  of  those  that  knew  him  best,  when  he  arose  in  a  college  prayer- 
meeting,  near  the  end  of  January,  1877,  and  expressed  a  desire  to 
become  a  Christian,  A  few  words  should  be  quoted  here  from  Pro- 
fessor Chandler's  letter,  informing  us  that  Dr,  Harper  added  "that  he 
was  not  sure  that  he  understood  exactly  what  it  was  to  be  a  Christian, 
but  whatever  it  was,  he  desired  to  be  one.  He  made  almost  exactly 
the  same  remarks  at  the  next  church  meeting,  a  large  gathering,  just  a 
day  or  two  later.  Both  these  brief  speeches  were  made  in  a  very  quiet 
and  natural  way,  with  little  display  of  emotion,  so  far  as  I  could  see. 
What  impressed  me  deeply  was  the  moral  courage  required,  in  a 
meeting  where  so  many  of  his  own  students  and  colleagues  were  pres- 
ent, to  get  up  and  make  this  simple  statement  and  request,  especially 
in  a  community  where  it  was  assumed  that  every  instructor  was  of 
course  a  Christian  and  ex  officio  a  religious  worker.  The  natural 
suggestion  to  a  man  in  his  position  would  have  been  to  seek  private 
instruction  of  a  clergyman,  and  to  have  it  seem  to  be  a  mere  change 
of  denominational  relations.  It  seemed  to  me  to  be  eminently  char- 
acteristic of  Harper's  honesty  of 'mind  and  simphcity  and  directness 
of  method  that  he  did  just  as  he  did."  After  this  second  meeting,  he 
stated  to  Professor  Chandler,  probably  in  these  exact  words:  "I  am 
not  a  Christian,  but  I  want  to  be  one,  and  I  mean  to  be  one."  He  was 
baptized  in  February,  1877.     Perhaps  fifteen  years  afterward,  at  a 

2  That  of  Professor  Charles  Chandler,  M.A.,  then  of  Denison  University,  now  of 
the  University  of  Chicago,  to  whom  the  writer  is  deeply  indebted  for  a  long  and 
informing  letter,  mailed  January  22,  1906. 


HIS  RELIGIOUS  LIFE  225 

Denison  banquet  given  in  his  honor  in  Cincinnati,  he  spoke  of  his  love 
for  Granville,  "because  it  was  there  that  I  became  a  Christian."  The 
present  writer  has  the  impression  that,  at  a  meeting  in  Northlield  ten 
or  fifteen  years  ago,  Dr.  Harper  gave  an  address  upon  his  religious 
experience,  and  students  of  his  life  would  do  well  to  look  up  the  printed 
accounts  of  that  meeting. 

The  facts  of  the  Granville  period  have  been  given  in  detail__^because 
they  furnish  the  key  to  his  whole  life  and  to  his  unique  personality. 
The  clear,  and  bold,  and  unimpassioned  statement  of  his  new  purposes 
and  hopes  was  characteristic  of  his  later  and  more  profound  experi- 
ences, particularly  that  of  the  Lakewood-Chicago  period,  March- 
December,  1905,  following  the  surgical  operation  of  February,  when 
the  real  nature  of  his  malady  was  discovered.  Characteristic  also 
were  his  frequent  conferences  with  his  most  trusted  friends;  for  he  was 
in  the  habit  of  looking  to  such  advisers  in  every  exigency  of  life.  Dur- 
ing the  Morgan  Park  days,  at  the  opening  of  his  campaign  for  Bible 
study,  perplexities  abounded,  and  his  friends  were  frequently  sum- 
moned to  suggest  the  solution  of  problems,  such  as,  e.  g.,  ways  and 
means  by  which  the  week-end  bills  of  the  printing  establishment  might 
be  met.  It  was  at  one  such  interview,  in  1883,  that  the  writer  first 
entered  into  the  depths  of  the  nature  of  William  R.  Harper,  and  ob- 
served the  rare  combination  of  vahant  confidence  and  almost  childlike 
dependence  that  distinguished  him.  It  was  in  these  small  circles  that 
the  essentially  social  type  of  his  manhood  was  manifest.  Nothing 
suited  him  better  than  to  gather  about  him  a  small  company  of  his  inti- 
mates at  his  home,  or  at  the  best  table  afforded  by  the  place  where  he 
was  at  the  time,  for  the  discussion  of  the  plans  that  were  uppermost 
in  his  mind,  and  for  the  settlement  of  vexed  questions  of  detail;  and 
his  hospitality  on  such  occasions  w^as  unbounded,  his  expenditures 
lavish.  The  writer's  mind  recurs  again  and  again  to  the  joyous  type 
of  man,  represented  frequently  in  the  Old  Testament,  which  was 
illustrated  so  well  in  his  table  indulgencies,  in  his  delight  in  his  friends, 
in  his  enthusiastic  enjoyment  of  life,  even  in  his  desire  to  placate  hostile 
critics.  With  reference  to  one  of  these,  who  had  spoken  rather 
sharply  of  something  he  had  done,  he  once  said  to  the  writer: 
"Brown,  find  out,  if  you  can,  just  how  he  looks  upon  this  matter." 

It  has  been  said  that  Dr.  Harper  was  naturally  reticent  about  his 


226  THE  BIBLICAL   WORLD 

spiritual  experiences,  and  it  is  probably  true  that  very  little  of  his  time, 
relatively,  was  devoted  to  contemplation;  but  testimony  abounds  of 
his  active  co-operation  with  rehgious  leaders  in  their  work,  and  with 
distressed  souls  in  their  search  for  light.  It  is  clear  that  he  felt  con- 
stantly his  obligation  to  God  for  the  right  use  of  his  time,  but  that 
reason  and  conscience,  rather  than  emotion,  were  controlhng;  clearest 
of  all,  that  he  appreciated  the  grandeur  of  duty  and  felt  himself  to  be 
the  agent  of  the  Infinite  Worker.  All  this  is  brought  out  into  such 
bold  relief  by  his  acts  and  utterances  during  the  last  eventful  year  of 
his  life  that  we  must  pass  on  to  this. 

It  was  probably  at  Lake  wood,  N.  J.,  in  March  of  last  year,  that  the 
period  of  spiritual  growth,  culminating  in  the  triumphant  faith  of  the 
last  days  on  earth,  may  be  said  to  open.  Here,  so  far  as  is  known, 
began  the  intense  mental  struggle  for  personal  light  upon  the  final 
problems  of  rehgion,  sin  and  its  forgiveness,  our  relation  to  Jesus 
Christ  and  to  God,  immortahty.  The  writer  does  not  know  to  how 
many  of  his  friends  he  revealed  the  movements  of  his  mind  at  this 
time.  It  is  certain  that  some  of  them  helped  him  to  clarify  his  notions, 
and  that  from  that  time  to  the  end  he  gave  the  closest  attention  to  what- 
ever the  chosen  few  could  bring  to  bear  upon  the  questions  he  had 
raised.  In  the  process  he  himself  gave  the  most  concentrated  energy, 
he  was  the  calmest  counselor,  the  most  unmoved  inspector  of  his  own 
mind ;  and,  finally,  soon  after  Christmas  time,  the  victory,  the  bright- 
est victory  of  all,  was  achieved.  It  seems  to  his  friends,  as  it  did 
to  Harper  himself,  that  his  own  conclusions  were  the  clear  state- 
ments of  ideas  which  had  been  at  the  basis  of  all  his  action,  but 
which  there  had  been  no  time  to  formulate:  God,  the  Spirit,  the 
Ultimate  Force  in  the  universe,  and  the  Source  of  all  life  therein ;  Jesus 
Christ,  his  Son,  the  Revealer  of  God  and  the  representative  Man;  a 
sphere  of  enlarged  work  beyond,  of  the  nature  of  which  his  soul  had 
no  idea,  but  which  he  could  enter  with  less  hesitation  than  he  did 
upon  his  work  at  Chicago — these  were  the  fundamental  verities  of  his 
thought.  Perhaps  the  most  marked  token  of  the  depth  of  his  religious 
experience  was  that  his  heart  became  so  sensitive  to  the  faults  that 
he  had  manifested.  He  would  not  assent  to  the  characterization  of 
these  in  any  other  terms  than  such  as  his  friends  could  but  regard  as 
extravagant  condemnation. 


HIS  RELIGIOUS  LIFE  227 

On  the  afternoon  of  the  twenty-ninth  of  December,  as  he  lay  in 
the  southwest  chamber  of  the  President's  house,  patiently  waiting  for 
the  end  soon  to  come,  and  yet  so  conscious  of  the  value  of  time  that 
the  precious  moments  must  be  utilized,  he  called  to  him  four  out  of 
the  multitude  of  his  friends,  took  their  hands  as  they  sat  about  his  bed, 
and  with  perfect  poise,  in  the  full  use  of  his  superb  mind,  he  calmly 
talked  with  them  about  what  he  had  styled  the  "deepest  things." 
And  then  he  said:  "Now  let  us  talk  with  God;  let  us  not  be  formal, 
let  us  be  simple."  And  when  each  in  turn  had  prayed,  he  himself 
offered  a  petition  of  wondrous  clearness,  simplicity,  and  affecting 
power.  Let  us  listen  to  a  portion  of  his  prayer ;  "And  may  there  be 
for  me  a  life  beyond  this  life,  and  in  that  life  may  there  be  work  to  do, 
tasks  to  accomplish.  If  in  any  way  a  soul  has  been  injured,  or  a 
friend  hurt,  may  the  harm  be  overcome,  if  it  is  possible ;  and  this  I  ask 
in  the  name  of  Jesus  Christ,  Amen."  The  friends  felt  that  the  prophet 
of  God  had  been  transformed  into  the  high-priest  of  his  sanctuary,  and 
that  they,  too,  saw  something  of  the  Invisible. 


APPRECIATIONS 

We  are  here'  to  mark  the  passing  of  a  noble  life — a  Hfe  dear  to  not 
a  few  of  us,  and  full  of  cheer  and  inspiration  to  every  human  being 
who  loves  knowledge,  who  hopes  for  achievement,  and  who  aspires 
to  service.  It  was  a  very  long  life — not  a  full  hundred  years  of  usual 
accomplishment  could  measure  it.  It  was  a  very  rich  life — ^joy,  hap- 
piness, and  satisfactions  that  gold  cannot  buy,  filled  it  to  overflowing. 
For  him  and  for  his  service  we  rejoice  and  give  thanks;  for  ourselves 
we  sorrow  because  we  have  lost  sight  of  a  friend,  and  the  world  of  a 
man. 

Hidden  deep  down  in  nature's  secrets  are  the  rare  qualities  which, 
assembled  in  just  the  proper  proportions,  make  men.  Scholars, 
high-minded  and  serious  of  purpose,  are  many.  Doers,  active,  con- 
tident,  and  successful,  are  more  numerous  still.  Men  are  harder  to 
come  upon;  and  our  friend  was  a  man.  He  loved  life  and  the  joy  of 
living.  His  world  was  a  good  and  a  happy  world,  where  the  better 
was  constantly  conquering  the  bad. 

He  hated  cant  and  those  petty  appearances  that  are  the  garment 
of  hypocrisy.  He  knew  the  difference  between  public  opinion, 
founded  on  right  reason,  and  the  clamor  of  the  mob,  schooled  or 
unschooled,  founded  on  prejudice  and  passion.  He  did  not  mistake 
applause  for  approval.  Neither  the  opposition  of  the  unconvinced, 
the  sneer  of  the  cynic,  nor  the  cry  of  the  self-seeker  could  move  him 
from  his  purpose.  So  it  was  that  good  things  were  done  by  him  and 
with  his  leadership. 

He  had  a  genius  for  friendship.  Hooks  of  steel  bound  him  to 
those  he  cared  for,  and  his  carefree  hours  were  his  most  delightful 
ones.  Study  schooled  his  spirit;  travel  broadened  it;  human  inter- 
course deepened  and  enriched  it.  All  that  he  was  and  had  he  gave 
to  his  friends,  and  they  returned  the  gift  in  fullest  measure. 

From  boyhood  to  his  closing  hour  on  earth  he  served  the  higher 
life.      Eager  in  pursuit  of   knowledge,  skilful  in  imparting  it,  and 

'  This  address  was  delivered  by  President  Butler  at  the  Harper  Memorial  Service, 
held  at  Columbia  University,  N.w  York,  January  14,  1906. 

228 


A  PPRECIA  TIONS  229 

resourceful  in  applying  it,  he  never  lost  sight  of  the  main  goal  of  his 
life.  The  marshaling  of  human  forces  in  a  great  university  w^as  always 
subordinate  with  him  to  scholarly  purpose.  He  often  spoke  of  it  so 
to  those  to  whom  he  could  trust  his  inmost  thought. 

He  died,  they  say,  like  a  Spartan.  How  false!  He  died  like  a 
Christian  whose  faith  is  real  and  not  a  thing  of  formulas  alone.  Brave, 
patient,  confident,  enduring,  he  stood  at  his  post  of  duty  while  the 
shadows  closed  around  him,  and  as  Time's  sun  set  he  turned  his  face 
to  be  illumined  by  Eternity's  morning  light. 

As  the  years  pass,  the  circle  of  real  friends  grows  narrower.  Those 
who  are  left  treasure  always  more  highly  the  associations  that  remain. 
They  love  to  dwell  upon  the  days  that  are  gone,  and  to  review  in  mem- 
ory those  acts   and  traits  that  were  so  abounding  in  grace  and  in 

delight. 

"  I  climb  the  hill:  from  end  to  end 
Of  all  the  landscape  underneath, 
I  find  no  place  that  does  not  breathe 
Some  gracious  memory  of  my  friend." 

Nicholas  Murray  Butler. 

Columbia  University, 
New  York  Citv. 


President  Harper,  like  every  great  man,  derived  his  strength  from 
the  union  of  opposite  qualities.  No  one  virtue  or  ability,  isolated  and 
unsupported,  is  enough  to  carry  any  man  into  lasting  achievement. 
But  when,  as  in  him,  energy  is  combined  with  patience,  and  fearless 
initiative  with  great  sensitiveness,  then  we  have  not  only  a  rarely  sym- 
metrical character,  but  extraordinary  power  to  unite  men  of  opposing 
types  in  one  great  undertaking.  Among  these  blendingsin  President 
Harper's  nature  none  seems  to  me  more  noteworthy  or  more  myste- 
rious— for  without  mystery  there  is  no  deepness  of  soul — than  his 
warm  personal  loyalty  to  friends,  while  in  the  conduct  of  any  enter- 
prise his  attitude  toward  individuals  was  as  impersonal  as  the  force  of 
gravitation.  He  cherished  heart-felt  devotion  to  certain  associates 
and  friends,  without  allowing  that  devotion  for  a  moment  to  sway  his 
judgment  as  to  the  ability  and  efficiency  of  those  friends  in  any  task 
that  was  to  be  performed. 

Of  that  personal  devotion  there  could  be  no  question.     He  was 


230  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

hungry  for  sympathy,  for  understanding,  for  love.  He  called  intimate 
friends  to  his  side  as  he  faced  each  new  problem,  as  he  entered  each 
new  sorrow,  as  he  faced  the  great  crises  of  life.  He  shrank  from  being 
alone,  either  physically  or  intellectually.  He  was  companionable, 
generous,  grappling  some  men  to  him  with  hooks  of  steel,  and  binding 
thousands  in  genuine  friendship.  He  stood  by  his  friends  when  they 
were  attacked,  defending  them  all  the  more  warmly  because  they  were 
deserted  by  others,  and  rescued  many  a  man  from  defeat  by  believing 
in  the  man's  future  victory. 

Yet  all  of  us  were  conscious  that  this  power  of  personal  attachment 
was  totally  distinct  from  that  mixture  of  prejudice,  pride,  blindness, 
and  caprice  which  often  passes  among  men  for  friendship.  Dr.  Har- 
per was  fully  alive  to  the  failings  of  those  he  loved.  He  seemed 
absolutely  impartial  in  choosing  his  heutenants;  he  was  incapable 
of  nepotism,  and  to  strangers  he  may  have  seemed  as  impassive  and 
remorseless  as  a  star  in  the  wintry  sky.  His  countenance  never 
betrayed  his  feeling  on  a  public  occasion.  He  had  trained  himself 
not  to  utter  his  first  thoughts,  and  never  to  make  important  utterance 
without  writing.  His  judgment  of  movements  and  men  was  abso- 
lutely severed  from  personal  preference  or  taste,  and  when  he  came 
to  act,  he  was  as  the  "clear,  cold,  logic  engine"  which  Huxley  affirmed 
an  educated  man  should  be. 

Because  he  was  a  loyal,  noble,  self-sacrificing  friend,  but  never 
blinded  by  friendship,  we  admire  and  love  him  now. 

William  H,  P,  Faunce. 

Brown  University, 
Providence,  R.  I. 


On  two  occasions  I  had  the  honor  and  the  very  great  pleasure  of 
being  Dr.  Harper's  guest  for  a  fortnight,  and  had  then  the  opportunity 
of  seeing  some  sides  of  his  character  which  might  not  be  so  conspicu- 
ous in  his  public  appearances.  Of  course,  in  common  with  everyone 
who  in  any  capacity  came  in  contact  with  him,  I  was  amazed  at  his 
marvelous  energy.  From  an  early  hour  in  the  morning  till  late  at 
night  he  toiled  with  an  alertness  of  attention  and  a  concentration  of 
mind  which  would  quickly  have  prostrated  anyone  possessed  of  a  less 
powerful  physique.     He  turned  easily  from  fine  questions  of  scholar- 


APPRECIATIONS  23I 

ship  and  criticism  to  matters  of  administration  and  to  affairs  calling 
for  knowledge  of  men,  foresight,  and  sound  judgment,  and  seemed 
equally  at  home  and  equally  master  in  all.  Men  who  have  so  much  in 
hand  and  who  are  weighted  with  heavy  responsibilities  are  apt  to  be 
absorbed,  impersonal,  unattractive,  friendless.  But  Dr.  Harper's 
broad  human  nature  and  geniahty  could  not  be  smothered  under 
multiplicity  of  business.  In  a  moment  he  could  throw  aside  his 
olhcial  attitude  and  become  the  entertaining  and  considerate  friend. 
I  should  suppose  that  even  in  hospitable  America  he  can  have  had 
few  to  rival  him  in  courteous,  genuine,  thoughtful  kindhness.  And 
nothing  more  clearly  showed  the  largeness  and  strength  of  his  nature 
than  the  faculty  for  enjoyment  which  lived  and  flourished  alongside 
of  his  tremendous  activities.  He  was  no  mere  machine  skilfully  con- 
trived for  the  production  of  fine  and  complicated  work,  but  a  human 
being  richly  endowed  with  strong  affections,  and  with  a  capacity  for 
interesting  himself  in  everything  that  is  associated  with  happiness  and 
progress.  His  life,  though  short,  has  embraced  in  it  many  lives,  and,, 
measured  qualitatively,  he  has  lived  greatly.  There  radiated  from 
his  personality  an  influence  that  could  not  but  inspire  and  stimulate 
those  who  came  within  his  reach;  and,  apart  from  the  important  and 
manifold  results  which  have  been  secured  by  his  special  activities  as  a, 
scholar,  educationist,  and  administrator,  his  memory  will  be  cherished,, 
and  his  example  will  still  attract  all  who  have  had  occasion  to  admire 
his  unselfish  and  untiring  devotion  to  the  causes  which  promote 
righteousness  and  progress  among  men. 

Marcus  Dods. 

Edinburgh,  Scotland. 


I  knew  President  Harper  most  intimately  in  the  outgoings  of  his 
mind  and  heart  as  a  patriot  and  as  a  citizen  of  the  w^orld.  His  con- 
ception of  patriotism  was  fundamentally  rehgious.  With  soHcitude, 
yet  with  courage  and  hope,  he  measured  the  forces  working  for  secu- 
larism against  those  working  for  a  religious  ideal  of  righteousness. 
He  believed  that  the  last  are  greater  than  the  first,  but  that  their 
victory  is  possible  only  through  co-operative  organization.  He  con- 
ceived the  Religious  Education  Association,  brought  together  the 
factors  that  founded  it,  and,  while  strength  survived,  was  its  inspi- 


232  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

rational  head.  He  has  bequeathed  to  his  countrymen  the  principles 
of  this  Association,  which,  if  they  be  broadly  and  faithfully  inter- 
preted, shall  perpetuate  his  spirit  for  generations  to  come. 

He  loved  the  world  with  Christlike  catholicity.  He  respected 
the  varying  faiths  of  men,  and  deplored  racial  and  rehgious  animosi- 
ties. The  Barrows  Lectureship  for  India  and  the  Far  East  seemed 
to  him  an  open  door  for  the  brotherly  intercourse  of  all  seekers  after 
God,  and  a  selected  means  for  the  diffusion  throughout  the  East  of 
knowledge  of  Jesus  Christ  as  apart  from  local  issues  of  ecclesiasti- 
cism.  I  have  reason  to  know  his  passionate  longing  to  draw  into 
intelligent  fellowship  oriental  and  occidental  minds.  How  impover- 
ished are  the  country  and  the  world  by  the  death  of  William  Rainey 
Harper;  yet  how  enriched  are  the  country  and  the  world  by  his  hfe 
of  insight,  unselfishness,  and  love !  Those  with  whom  he  lived  in  the 
gentleness  of  his  home  felt  that  they  had  poured  forth  upon  them  the 
fulness  of  his  overshadowing  love.  Those  that  wrought  with  him  in 
the  complex  affairs  of  the  University  esteemed  him  wholly  bestowed 
upon  themselves,  as  chief  and  counselor.  Yet  those  who  served 
with  him  and  under  him  in  national  and  world-movements  found 
that  clear,  deliberative  mind,  that  exhaustless  heart,  altogether  given 
over  to  the  welfare  of  the  kingdom  of  God.  What  a  blessing  to  have 
known  him!  What  an  inspiration  to  look  forward  to  meeting  him 
again ! 

Charles  Cuthbert  Hall. 

Union  Theological  Seminary, 
New  York  Citv. 


My  association  with  President  Harper  began  at  the  time  of  his 
Hebrew  summer  schools  in  New  England,  some  twenty  years  ago.  My 
first  impression,  which  has  never  changed,  was  that  he  was  a  genius 
in  organizing  men  and  inspiring  them  with  his  ideals.  The  second 
impression  was  that  he  was  a  man  of  colossal  nervous  and  physical 
energy.  His  powers  of  endurance  seemed  hmitless.  The  full  weight 
of  the  schools  rested  on  his  shoulders.  After  teaching  daily  an  incred- 
ible number  of  hours,  he  would  spend  as  many  more  in  soliciting 
money  to  meet  the  expenses.  That  he  could  endure  the  strain  was 
due  to  his  perfect  self-control.     He  was  master  of  his  nerves.     He 


A  PPRECIA  TIONS  233 

had  the  Napoleonic  power  of  throwing  off  worry  in  an  instant,  and 
thus  letting  sleep  "knit  up  the  raveled  sleave  of  care." 

His  great  power  of  winning  friends  for  his  cause  attracted  many  a 
student  to  delightful  work  in  the  Semitic  field,  and  made  benefactors 
feel  honored  and  happy  in  their  co-operation  with  him.  But  beyond 
this  he  had  great  power  of  winning  friends  for  himself.  All  admired 
his  many-sided  activity,  his  pluck,  his  breadth  of  view,  his  great 
endowments,  natural  and  acquired. 

Those  who  knew  him  loved  him  for  his  personal  qualities.  Cheer- 
fulness was  one  of  these.  Too  busy  and  too  serious  to  be  hilarious, 
he  always  saw  the  bright  side.  His  buoyant  spirit  could  not  be 
suppressed.  A  second  quality  was  ready  recognition  of  the  good 
in  others.  Envy  he  seems  not  to  have  known.  Conscious  of  his 
own  splendid  powers,  he  ungrudgingly  allowed  to  all  men  their  dues. 

He  was  of  a  most  generous  nature,  a  real  philanthropist.  He 
had  the  ambition  of  making  his  University  and  all  his  enterprises 
foremost ;  but  the  ambition  was  laudable,  for  all  his  endeavors  were 
noble  in  their  ends.  To  make  men  wdser  and  better  he  gave  without 
stint  his  splendid  powers. 

Of  generous  natures  gratitude  is  a  trait,  and  this  Dr.  Harper  had 
in  a  marked  degree.  Those  who  have  ever  done  him  a  favor  will 
know  what  this  means.  During  the  World's  Fair  in  1893,  even  at 
much  inconvenience  to  himself,  he  placed  his  home  at  the  service  of 
many  who  had  befriended  him.  But  those  whom  he  befriended  and 
helped  are,  after  all,  vastly  more  than  those  who  befriended  him.  IMul- 
titudes,  many  of  whom  never  saw  him,  love  and  revere  his  name.  Of 
all  the  great  monuments  to  his  memory,  this  reverent  love  is  the  most 
beautiful. 

David  G.  Lyon. 

Harvakd  Uni\'ersity, 
Cambridge,  Mass. 


In  founding  the  University  of  Chicago,  President  Harper  took 
three  of  the  best  of  the  Clark  faculty  for  heads  of  his  departments, 
and  several  others  as  professors.  It  was  a  severe  blow^  to  us  then, 
and,  although  we  have  been  since  often  associated,  neither  of  us  could 
ever  quite  forget  this  incident.     But  the  men  were  all  ideally  devoted 


234  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

to  science,  and  have  been  given  larger  opportunities  than  they  could 
have  had  here,  which  to  a  man  they  have  almost  ideally  improved. 
Despite  this,  I  long  ago  came  to  admire  President  Harper's  genius, 
and  yield  to  no  man  in  appreciation  of  his  masterly  work  and  of  the 
great  institution  he  has  established.  All  the  way  from  university 
extension  and  summer  schools  for  teachers  to  the  very  highest  grad- 
uate study  and  research,  he  has  done  pioneer  and  epoch-making  work, 
and  made  all  universities  his  debtors  for  original  plans,  and  has  found 
or  made  a  way  to  the  practical  realization  of  many  a  scheme  which 
older  and  more  conservative  institutions  piously  wished  to  realize, 
but  could  hardly  have  achieved  in  a  generation.  The  influence  of 
all  he  did  on  the  seaboard  institutions  will  be  a  brilliant  chapter  in 
the  future  history  of  higher  education.  The  University  of  Chicago 
as  it  is  today,  every  feature  of  which  had  no  existence  a  decade  and 
a  half  ago,  save  only  in  his  own  mind,  is  a  marvel  of  American 
sagacity  and  energy,  and  is  without  a  parallel.  Has  anyone  ever 
shown  greater  gifts  for  organization;  grown  more  rapidly  in  ofiice; 
been  more  unselfish;  shown  more  power  of  sustained  and  eft'ective 
work;  more  admirably  combined  the  enthusiasm  of  a  scholar  and 
the  talent  of  an  administrator;  given  university  work  more  new 
ideals  or  greater  inspiration ;  or  shown  a  more  magnificent  courage  in 
facing  death  in  one  of  its  most  dreadful  forms  ?  It  is  pathetic  that  he 
could  not  have  lived  and  labored  another  half  generation.  I  marvel, 
too,  at  the  sagacity  that  selected  a  man  then  young,  untried,  and  no 
better  known  than  scores  of  others.  It  recalls  the  choice  of  President 
Eliot  for  his  high  office  when  a  young  assistant  professor.  I  do  not 
know  whether  the  founder  of  the  University  of  Chicago  feels  compla- 
cency in  his  selection,  but  he  well  might  do  so,  for  it  showed  singular 
knowledge  of  men.  President  Harper's  name  and  fame  will  forever 
be  a  precious  asset,  not  only  for  his  University,  but  in  the  history  of 
higher  education  throughout  the  world.  The  pathos  of  it  all  is  in 
thinking  what  might  have  been,  had  he  lived  another  fifteen  years. 
The  best  possible  memorial  to  him  will  be  to  maintain  the  University 

on  the  highest  possible  plane. 

G.  Stanley  Hall. 

Clark  University, 
Worcester,  Mass. 


APPRECIATIONS  235 

Dr.  Harper's  personality  was  so  unique,  and  yet  so  many-sided, 
that  even  those  who  did  not  intimately  know  him  may  possibly  add 
some  thread  of  appreciation  to  the  fabric  of  his  fame.  With  my  first 
acquaintance  with  him,  twenty  years  ago,  he  seemed  to  me  compact 
of  vitahty,  capable  of  endless  endurance,  and  determined  to  win 
whatever  battle  he  might  engage  in.  Industry  never  went  farther, 
nor  economy  of  time.  He  believed  in  well  stoking  the  engine  and 
then  running  at  full  speed.  He  accomplished  more  before  most 
people  were  up  in  the  morning  than  these  same  people  did  through 
all  their  day. 

He  was  a  born  propagandist.  His  love  for  learning  was  not  the 
love  of  a  recluse.  He  learned  in  order  to  teach  others;  indeed,  he 
never  learned  anything  himself  that  he  did  not  immediately  set  about 
forming  a  class  in  that  particular  subject.  Not  only  the  subject- 
matter  interested  him,  but  the  method  of  imparting  it.  Pedagogics 
were  natural  to  him.  How  to  get  the  most  out  of  a  teacher  and  out 
of  an  hour  were  vital  problems  to  him.  And  this  pedagogic  instinct 
qualified  him  to  launch  a  new  university  upon  uncharted  seas  and 
with  new  methods  of  navigation. 

He  was  not  born  in  Chicago,  but  he  might  well  have  been  born 
there ;  for  he  wanted  the  earth.  If  he  had  had  his  way,  I  am  not  sure 
that  he  would  not  have  made  his  institution  the  University  of  the 
World,  embracing  all  grades  of  instruction  from  the  alphabet  to  meta- 
physics, and  from  the  kindergarten  to  the  mathematics  of  the  double 
stars.  He  would  have  had  all  the  colleges  of  the  country  affiliated 
with  him,  and  there  would  have  been  branches  in  New  York,  Rome, 
and  Jerusalem.  His  executive  powers  were  quite  equal  to  his  ambi- 
tions. He  could  organize  a  machine  to  run  the  federal  government; 
indeed,  his  conception  of  a  university  was  that  of  relatively  independ- 
ent, yet  mutually  related,  parts,  all  under  direction  of  one  controlHng 
mind,  and  all  bent  upon  the  highest  measure  of  comprehension  and 
attainment. 

He  had  great  power  of  subduing  to  his  own  purpose  and  largeness 
of  view  the  ablest  teachers,  and  of  so  inspiring  them  with  his  ideals 
that  they  were  wilHng  to  make  great  sacrifices  to  realize  them.  Yet 
he  was  never  obstreperous  or  violent.  A  sort  of  quiet  intensity  char- 
acterized his  electioneering.     Before  you  knew  it,  he  had  carried  you 


2^6  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 


■^ 


off  your  feet.  And  this  was  peculiarly  true  in  his  dealing  with  rich 
men.  He  got  them  to  see  things  as  he  saw  them.  No  element  of 
rudeness  or  personal  antagonism  was  permitted  to  interfere  with  his 
success.  He  sunk  himself,  for  the  sake  of  his  great  cause.  Men 
gave  because  they  became  persuaded  it  was  a  great  thing  to  give. 
I  never  knew  him  to  cherish  or  to  express  animosity  toward  those 
who  had  said  hard  things  about  him.  He  took  it  for  granted  that 
they  would  come  around  right  in  due  time.  When  I  saw  him  two 
weeks  before  he  died,  he  told  me  that  he  had  some  courage  yet.  He 
had  been  reading  the  Minor  Prophets,  and  had  got  an  outlook  into 
another  world,  where  he  hoped  there  was  work  for  him,  if  no  work 
was  left  for  him  here.  I  am  sure  that  in  more  ways  than  one  his  work 
will  follow  him,  and  I  am  also  sure  that  a  milUon  dollars  cannot  be 
better  spent  than  in  erecting  in  the  center  of  the  great  University  a 
great  memorial  library  to  President  Harper. 

Augustus  H.  Strong. 

Rochester  Theological  Seminary, 
Rochester,  N.  Y. 

The  motives  impeUing  every  evangelist  impelled  William  Rainey 
Harper.  He  trusted  Christ,  believed  the  Bible,  and  loved  his  fellow- 
men.  Experience,  Christian  experience,  together  with  an  unusual 
capacity  for  self-impartation,  explains  his  activities.  He  knew  the 
widespread  indifference  to  biblical  study — an  indifference  amount- 
ing to  practical  disbehef  of  biblical  truth.  He  recalled  his  own 
experiences;  he  remembered  how  he  came  to  commit  his  life  to  God 
and  Christ  through  a  better  understanding  of  the  Scriptures.  He 
learned  that  the  Bible  was  God's  great  gift  to  him;  he  knew  that  once 
he  had  not  thought  so,  because  he  had  confounded  the  fact  of  revela- 
tion with  the  method.  His  wide  range  of  acquaintanceship  with 
young  men  in  many  schools,  and,  no  doubt,  too,  a  generahzation  from 
his  own  experience,  made  him  feel  that  he  was  debtor  to  every  man 
who  is  ignorant  of  God's  truth.  He  loved  the  Bible  for  what  it  is — a 
record  of  the  revelation  of  God  in  Israel  and  in  Christ ;  he  placed  ines- 
timable value  on  the  method  of  study  that  made  him  discover  the 
truth;  his  Christian  altruism  made  it  inevitable  that  he  wished  others 
to  share  the  joy  of  his  discovery  and  experience.  His  Hfe's  work,  then, 
was  to  save  the  Bible  to  some  of  his  fellows — not  for  the  Bible's  sake, 


A  PPRECIA  TIONS  237 

but  for  their  sake.  He  wished  them  to  have  joy  and  peace  and 
righteousness  in  the  Holy  Spirit.  The  Bible  is  only  an  instrument — 
the  sword  of  the  Spirit;  biblical  study  is  the  swordsman's  practice. 
Moody  and  Harper  alike  believed  this;  both  exalted  the  Scriptures; 
both  urged  men  to  read  and  study  them;  both  were  mastered  by  the 
same  lofty  aim,  the  salvation  of  men.  Harper  seldom  addressed  large 
crowds ;  he  had  not  the  orator's  powers ;  but  he  had  the  teacher's  gifts. 
He  used  all  his  wondrous  powers  of  initiative  in  promoting  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  Bible.  By  the  printing-press,  by  summer  assembhes,  by 
summer  schools,  by  introduction  of  the  Bible  as  textbook  into  acad- 
emies, colleges,  and  universities ;  by  lectures,  and  by  firing  young  men 
with  his  own  zeal.  Harper  has  made  the  Bible  a  new  book  in  American 
life.  In  all  probability  the  future  historian  of  American  Christianity 
will  find  in  Moody  and  Harper  personifications  of  the  religious  forces 
of  the  closing  quarter  of  the  nineteenth  century.  Both  w^ere  unpre- 
tentiously Christian;  both  were  aggressive  bearers  of  good  news; 
both  rejoiced  in  the  hundreds  of  men  who  became  Christian  through 
their  teaching;  both  believed  that  they  were  doing  God's  work  in  the 
world.  If  a  man  must  be  judged  by  the  loftiness  of  his  purposes  and 
by  the  efficiency  with  which  he  executes  them,  William  Rainey  Harper 
will  be  adjudged  a  great  gift  of  God  to  our  churches. 

Milton  G.  Evans. 

Crozer  Theological  Seminary, 
Chester,  Pa. 

As  I  look  back  upon  the  five  years  of  my  intimate  association  with 
Dr.  Harper  here  at  Yale,  I  find  that  the  characteristics  which  most 
impressed  me  were  the  following: 

His  cordiality.  I  shall  never  forget  the  first  time  I  saw  and  spoke 
to  him.  We  were  both  newcomers  to  New^  Ha^'en,  and  were  about 
to  begin  teaching  the  same  classes,  he  in  Hebrew  and  I  in  Greek. 
I  introduced  myself  to  him  on  the  street.  How  well  I  remember 
the  zest  with  which  he  spoke  of  the  work  which  we  were  about  to 
begin.  It  was  always  a  tonic  to  talk  with  him,  and  I  can  gratefully 
testify  that  my  association  with  him — like  that  of  so  many  others — 
was  a  powerful  incentive  to  study  and  achievement. 

His  enthusiasm.  It  was  contagious.  The  most  indifferent  pupil 
could  not  wholly  resist  it.     Half  in  jest  and  half  in  earnest,  some 


238  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

of  our  colleagues  spoke  of  the  interest  which  he  aroused  in  his  courses 
as  a  "Hebrew  fanaticism."  Those  who  before  had  ineffectually  urged 
men  to  study  Hebrew  now  thought  it  was  being  overdone.  That 
Hebrew  could  be  made  interesting  was  a  new  idea — little  short  of  a 
revelation.     But  he  made  it  so. 

His  invincible  hopefulness.  What  most  men  thought  impossible, 
he  deemed  easy.  Nothing  could  dismay  him.  Like  the  apostle, 
he  was  often  perplexed,  but  never  in  despair.  This  quahty  made  him 
a  man  of  vision,  a  seer,  a  dreamer  of  dreams — but  what  dreams! 
And  how  he  made  his  dreams  "come  true" ! 

This  hopefulness  explained  his  indefatigable  industry.  Dr. 
Harper  was  not  a  "grind."  He  was  as  fond  of  recreation  and  leisure 
as  any  man  I  ever  knew.  He  worked  as  he  did,  not  for  work's  sake, 
but  from  love  of  doing  good. 

His  charity.  While  here  at  Yale,  as  afterward,  he  was  vehe- 
mently opposed  and  bitterly  attacked  on  platforms  and  in  journals 
for  popularizing  modern  methods  and  results  of  Bible  study.  I  have 
frequently  heard  him  comment  on  these  assaults,  but  I  never  heard 
him  speak  a  word  of  bitterness  against  any  of  his  accusers. 

Best  of  all.  Dr.  Harper  was  a  friend.  He  had  a  God-given 
genius  for  friendship.  He  was  a  great  lover,  and  he  won  the  love  of 
others  as  it  is  given  to  but  few  men  to  do.  He  was  a  man  of  deep  feel- 
ing and  affection.  I  hope  it  may  not  be  thought  improper  for  me  to 
mention  an  incident  in  illustration.  I  had  preached  a  sermon  on 
"Love"  at  the  university  convocation,  and  had  ended  it  with  Whittier's 
words : 

That  Life  is  ever  Lord  of  Death, 
And  Love  can  never  lose  its  ovi^n; 

and  when,  after  the  service,  he  and  I  retired  to  his  private  room,  he 
threw  his  arms  around  me  and  said,  with  deepest  feehng:  "That  is 
true;  that  is  beautiful." 

How  Httle  either  of  us  then  thought  that  he  would  so  soon  know 
its  truth  and  beauty  as  we  can  never  know  it  here ! 

George  Barker  Stevens. 

Yale  University, 
New  Haven,  Conn. 


APPRECIATTONS  239 

I  am  glad  to  avail  myself  of  the  courtesy  of  your  columns  to  express 
to  my  friends  in  the  University  my  deep  sense  of  personal  loss  in  their 
loss.  It  is  hard  to  think  of  him  as  dead  who  was  so  pre-eminently  a 
life-giver.  A  great  tree  has  fallen,  in  the  shade  of  which  many  souls 
found  repose  a'nd  shelter.  Such  an  event  one  finds  it  hard  to  fit  into 
one's  thinking.  It  is  so  tragic  and  mysterious  in  its  untimeliness ! 
When  such  a  heart  stops  beating,  it  seems  strange  that  things  go  on 
as  before.  It  is  as  if  the  Twentieth  Century  Express,  laden  with  a 
country's  life  and  wealth,  were  hurled  into  the  ditch.  Our  lamenta- 
tion itself  is  muffled.  One  says,  as  in  the  Hebrew  elegy:  "I  was 
dumb.     I  opened  not  my  mouth;  because  Thou  didst  it." 

He  seemed  to  me  great  as  a  scholar.  Administrative  details  did 
not  smother  his  passion  for  study.  During  the  last  quarter  of  his 
teaching  I  attended  his  lectures  on  the  Hebrew  text  of  Micah  and 
Zechariah.  How  the  ancient  records  seemed  to  glow  under  his 
poetic  touch !  A  penetrating  and  fearless  critic,  he  was  at  the  same 
time  sane,  devout,  and  constructive.  I  know  little  of  such  matters,  but 
I  cannot  doubt  that  he  made  positive  and  permanent  contribution  to 
the  interpretation  of  that  difficult  literature. 

He  was  greater  still  as  a  teacher.  He  was  not  a  mere  psychical 
accumulator  of  knowledge.  Like  the  prophets  of  old,  he  had  a  bur- 
den. He  communicated  his  own  thirst  for  knowledge.  With  some 
persons  the  passion  for  learning  is  a  kind  of  innocent  inebriation  in 
which  they  indulge  without  enkindling  other  spirits.  He  possessed 
marvelous  capacity  for  inspiring  enthusiasm.  It  must  have  been 
nearly  twenty  years  ago  that  I  first  saw  President  Harper.  He  was 
teaching. the  elements  of  Hebrew  in  a  summer  school  at  Newton  Centre. 
I  dropped  into  his  lecture-room,  and  the  vision  of  the  princely  peda- 
gogue, driving  home  and  clinching  the  first  principles  of  Hebrew 
etymology,  has  never  faded  from  my  mind.  He  was  a  living  embodi- 
ment of  Herbert  Spencer's  dictum:  "It  is  only  by  varied  iteration 
that  alien  conceptions  can  be  forced  upon  reluctant  minds."  He 
imparted  knowledge  by  a  series  of  galvanic  shocks ;  like  the  French 
writer  who  said:     "I  teach  not,  I  awaken." 

President  Harper,  however,  was  greatest  as  a  creative  genius.  He 
brought  things  to  pass.  It  is  comparatively  easy  to  form  a  mental 
image  of  the  beautiful  and  the  true ;  but  when  we  undertake  to  freeze 


240  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

our  thought  into  pictured  canvas,  or  sculptured  marble,  or  intricate, 
machinery,  or  enduring  social  organism,  we  experience  friction  at  a 
thousand  unexpected  points.  In  a  civilization  so  complicated  as  ours, 
when  the  material  we  mold  seems  so  stiff  to  our  handling,  was  ever 
so  much  produced  within  so  short  a  lifetime — an  imperial  university 
with  her  quadrangle  of  stately  buildings,  all  instinct  with  educational 
life  and  purpose,  the  Oxford  of  the  western  world,  bordered  by  the 
oceanic  verdure  of  the  Midway,  reminiscent  of  the  noble  personality 
that  brought  her  into  being,  and  that  finds  within  her  walls  its  own 
perpetual  symbol  and  enshrinement ! 

Edward  Judson. 

JuDSON  Memorial  Church, 
New  York  City. 


For  eight  years  I  worked  with  President  Harper,  and  for  the  same 
period  was  intimate  with  him  as  his  physician.  Therefore  I  knew 
him  as  a  superior,  as  a  co-worker,  and  as  a  dear  friend.  I  knew 
him,  perhaps,  as  well  as  anyone  outside  the  immediate  family.  And 
yet,  as  the  years  passed,  each  day  in  his  presence  brought  to  view  to 
be  admired  some  new  quality  of  the  mind  or  heart.  He  was  a  rare 
man,  a  masterful  man. 

For  eight  years  he  was  interested  in  medical  education  and 
research.  He  worked  with  the  faculty  of  the  affiliated  school  of 
the  University — Rush  Medical  College — to  improve  the  methods  of 
medical  education.  As  in  other  educational  subjects,  his  grasp  of  the 
subject  was  quick  and  ready.  He  seemed  to  stand  on  an  eminence; 
for  his  horizon  was  broad  and  comprehensive.  Upon  the  old  methods 
of  medical  education  he  induced  the  faculty  to  graft  new  principles 
and  new  methods,  which  were  revolutionary,  but  were  very  soon 
recognized  by  medical  and  other  teachers  as  distinct  advances  in 
medical  education.  In  medical  education  alone  the  work  of  President 
Harper  will  have  a  good  influence  for  the  next  twenty-five  years. 

His  energy  was  limitless  and  his  endurance  phenomenal.  He  did 
not  know  the  word  "fail."  Defeat  was  never  accepted;  a  new  point 
of  attack  was  made;  and,  if  necessary,  this  was  repeated  time  after 
time,  until  success  crowned  the  effort. 

If  work  was  to  be  done,  he  insisted  upon  its  completion  without 
delay.     At  the  work  in  hand  he  was  initiative,  constructive,  methodi- 


APPRECIATIONS  241 

cal,  rational,  and  conclusive.  When  accomplished,  one  felt  the  work 
was  well  done,  and,  at  the  same  time,  wondered  at  and  admired  the 
ability  of  the  man. 

When  work  was  completed,  he  became  a  delightful  companion, 
abounding  in  good  cheer;  a  charming  narrator  of  the  stories  of  his 
experiences,  and  a  good  auditor  of  the  things  he  encouraged  a  com- 
panion to  relate  of  himself.  As  a  friend  he  was  considerate,  generous, 
and  loving.  He  made  many  friends  and  a  few  intimates.  To  the 
latter  few  he  revealed  his  whole  noble  and  pure  soul.  Those  who  were 
near  him  during  the  last  few  months  were  fortified  to  witness  his  suffer- 
ing by  his  fearless,  patient,  resigned,  and  cheerful  attitude.  His  fatal 
illness  was  a  final  battle,  and,  as  in  life,  so  in  death  he  was  victorious. 

Frank  Billings. 

Chicago. 


After  the  first  sense  of  surprise  that  came  to  some  of  us,  about  the 
time  of  the  earUest  organization  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  when  the 
name  of  the  young  professor  of  Hebrew — who  but  a  few  years  before 
had  left  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Morgan  Park — was  presented 
as  the  most  suitable  one  for  the  presidency  of  the  new  college,  we  could 
not  help  feeling  that  the  traditions  concerning  profound  learning  and 
wide  scholarship  as  requisites  for  the  college  presidency  were  being 
scattered  to  the  winds  in  the  selection  of  this — energetic,  no  doubt,  but 
— youthful  specialist  in  a  subject  of  minor  importance. 

But  we  were  wrong  in  our  impressions,  for  the  change  had  already 
begun,  and  the  leading  educational  positions  were  even  then  being 
rapidly  filled  by  the  new  type  of  educators;  and  those  who  made  the 
searching  and  exhaustive  inquiry  before  Professor  Harper's  name 
was  presented  felt  sure  of  their  ground  and  their  nominee.  What  a 
glorious  choice  it  proved !  Nay,  more  than  that :  is  it  not  fitting  and 
proper  to  acknowledge  now  that  this  was  a  man  raised  up  and  equipped 
by  Providence  for  the  accomplishment  of  a  work  so  important,  so 
great,  and  so  unique  that  without  him  it  could  not  have  been  done  ? 

Our  next  surprise  came  when  later  we  met  Dr.  Harper  and  learned 
from  him  that,  if  his  acceptance  of  the  presidency  necessitated  his  ceas- 
ing to  teach  Hebrew,  he  would  decline  the  proffered  honor,  notwith- 
standing his  appreciation  of  the  greatness  of  the  opportunity  in  the 
sreneral  work  of  education. 


242  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

After  his  acceptance  of  the  leadership,  and  more  especially  when 
the  scope  of  the  enterprise  was  enlarged  to  the  university  rank,  his 
rare  powers  as  an  organizer,  his  superb  creative  skill  and  initiative, 
his  steady,  strong  grasp  of  every  situation,  his  mastery  of  detail,  his 
laboriousness  incessant,  his  unwearied  patience,  his  prophetic  courage 
and  optimism,  won  the  confidence  and  sincere  admiration  of  his  asso- 
ciates on  the  board,  who,  closely  as  they  might  and  did  scrutinize  new 
measures,  generally  came  to  accept  the  President's  conclusions.  His 
development  was  rapid.  Within  a  few  years  he  became  famous,  yet 
unspoiled  by  fame ;  later  in  a  few  swift  strides  he  had  achieved  great- 
ness, yet  never  man  wore  his  honors  with  more  meekness  and  sim- 
plicity. But  this  simplicity  of  manner,  with  its  accompanying  friend- 
liness, never  for  a  moment  led  his  intimates  to  undervalue  his  powers, 
underestimate  his  greatness,  or  through  familiarity  forget  respect. 

How  deeply  attached  to  him  thousands  of  men  and  women  became, 
is  witnessed  by  the  thousands  of  hearts,  aching  and  bereft,  that  now 
grieve  over  his  death.  He  was  full  of  kindness — a  most  thoughtful 
kindness;  and  by  his  broad  and  ready  sympathy  that  entered  into  all 
that  concerned  his  friends  he  bound  them  to  him  by  imperishable 
bonds.  Incapable  of  personal  resentment,  he  readily  forgave  injuries, 
and  was  most  appreciative  of  the  love  of  his  friends.  In  the  many 
shining  qualities  of  this  colossal  figure,  some  of  us  will  most  cherish 
that  lovability  through  which  he  sought  to  live  the  Christ  life  among  us. 

Andrew  Mac  Leish. 

Chicago. 

I  am  not  aware  that  any  of  those  who  during  the  last  few  weeks 
have  spoken  or  written  of  President  Harper  have  noted  how  significant 
for  our  knowledge  of  his  character  was  the  first  year  which  he  spent  in 
Chicago  as  President  of  the  University — I  mean  the  year  1891-92, 
preceding  the  opening  of  the  University.  The  clearness  with  which 
he  saw  into  the  future  in  those  days,  as  I  look  back  to  his  forecasts 
through  these  years  of  realization,  he  seemed  to  have  drawn  from 
the  prophets  of  old  to  whom  he  gave  so  much  of  his  thought.  That 
constructive  imagination  which  excited  our  wonder  after  the  Univer- 
sity was  established  was  still  more  marvelous  then.  In  later  years  the 
memory  of  what  had  been  done  might  well  inspire  him  in  laying  great 
plans  for  the  future;  but  with  a  tangled  swamp  where  the  campus  now 


APPRECIATIONS  243 

lies,  without  a  stone  laid  for  a  building,  and  no  money  for  the  buildings 
themselves,  with  a  faculty  not  yet  chosen,  how  could  any  man  forecast 
the  University  as  it  is  today !  And  yet  President  Harper  did  it.  Rarely 
can  the  man  who  has  the  power  to  conceive  large  plans  for  the  future 
formulate  the  practical  methods  for  bringing  them  to  pass.  But 
President  Harper  combined  these  two  equalities  in  an  eminent  degree. 
To  look  over  now  the  outhnes  of  his  far-reaching  plans  for  the  Uni- 
versity, as  they  were  set  forth  in  the  University  Bulletins  of  1891-92, 
seems  like  reading  the  history  of  what  has  been  done,  not  the  prophecy 
of  what  was  hoped  for.  These  documents  set  forth  the  minutest 
details  of  all  the  organizations  which  the  University  comprises  today. 
At  no  time  in  his  life  perhaps  did  his  remarkable  versatility,  his  indom- 
itable energy,  and  his  ability  to  turn  quickly  from  one  subject  to  an- 
other, and  grasp  the  essential  points  and  the  details  of  each,  appear 
so  clearly  as  in  the  storm-and-stress  period  of  the  first  year.  During 
these  twelve  months  he  was  developing  his  general  plans  for  the  Uni- 
versity, seeking  material  support  for  it,  interesting  prominent  indi- 
viduals, organizations,  and  students  in  the  new  institution,  putting  up 
buildings,  and  choosing  a  faculty.  He  was  equally  interested  and 
equally  the  master  in  all  these  phases  of  his  work.  In  choosing  his 
faculty  he  was  only  the  scholar  and  the  judge  of  men ;  in  laying  plans 
for  the  buildings  he  was  the  man  of  affairs.  Throughout  this  period 
perhaps  his  most  marked  personal  qualities  were  his  courage  in  the 
face  of  disappointment  and  his  modesty  in  success.  He  wanted  strong 
men  for  his  faculty;  but  such  men  were  at  first  naturally  skeptical 
about  a  university  which  existed  on  paper  only.  He  wanted  to  interest 
men  of  means  in  his  plans ;  but  how  could  a  professor  of  Hebrew  from 
another  city  come  to  Chicago  and  hope  to  interest  practical  men  of 
affairs  ?  Disappointments,  cruel  disappointments,  at  a  moment  when 
time  was  most  pressing,  were  inevitable.  But  these  temporary  fail- 
ures never  dimmed  his  courage,  never  called  forth  a  word  of  bitterness, 
never  led  him  to  lower  his  ideals.  He  bore  them  with  the  same  forti- 
tude as  he  bore  the  trials  of  the  last  year  of  his  life.  Those  of  us  who 
have  followed  the  trend  in  higher  education  during  the  last  fifteen 
years,  and  have  studied  the  part  which  the  University  of  Chicago  has 
taken  in  directing  it,  have  marveled  at  the  comprehensiveness,  the 
originality,  and  the  wisdom  of  President  Harper's  plans.     Many  of 


244  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

us  have  felt  unconsciously,  I  presume,  that  these  plans  developed 
in  his  mind,  one  after  another,  as  the  University  grew.  It  is  true 
that  his  mind  was  always  fertile,  that  it  was  always  open  to  suggestion, 
that  he  never  obstinately  clung  to  an  arrangement  when  something 
better  presented  itself;  but  those  who  read  the  six  University  Bulle- 
tins of  the  first  year  will  find  all  the  fundamental  new  ideas  for  which 
the  University  has  stood  set  down  there — the  four-quarter  system,  the 
setting  off  of  the  high-school  and  Junior  College  training  from  that  of 
the  Senior  College  and  the  Graduate  School,  the  integration  of  the 
secondary  school  and  the  college,  the  concentration  of  a  student's 
attention  on  a  small  number  of  subjects,  university  extension,  and 
the  conservation  and  strengthening  of  the  small  college.  That  a 
scholar  and  teacher  of  Hebrew,  who  had  had  no  administrative  expe- 
rience, should  have  enunciated  these  fundamental  principles  of  educa- 
tional reform  reminds  one  again  of  the  prophetic  vision  of  his  great 
prototypes,  the  Hebrew  seers. 

Frank  Frost  Abbott. 

The  University  of  Chicago. 


President  Harper  was  not  a  cajoler  nor  a  coercer,  but  a  compeller  of 
men.  His  character  was  revealed  by  the  motives  to  which  he  appealed ; 
the  tyrant  threatens,  the  coward  wheedles,  the  corrupt  man  bribes ;  the 
genuine  leader  arouses  enthusiasm  for  ideals,  individual  and  social. 

Dr.  Harper  never  stooped  to  unworthy  coercion ;  he  neither  flat- 
tered nor  bullied,  nor  even  asked  for  personal  loyalty.  He  always 
exalted  principles,  measures,  opportunities  for  self-realization  and 
service.  He  instinctively  took  toward  one  whom  he  sought  to  influence 
a  sympathetic  attitude.  "Have  you  thought  of  this  unusual  chance 
to  do  a  really  great  thing  ?"  "Have  you  laid  your  plans  carefully  ?" 
"Do  you  see  whither  you  are  bound  ?"  "Are  you  reahzing  your  best 
possibilities  ?"  were  the  questions  with  which  he  would  open  up  a  new 
vista  to  someone  for  whom  he  proposed  a  course  of  action.  Then 
with  magic  wand  he  would  conjure  pictures  of  the  possible;  gradually 
his  irresistible  enthusiasm  would  convert  these  into  imminent  realities, 
and  the  witness  of  dreams  would  become  the  doer  of  deeds. 

To  many  it  seemed  that  in  all  this  the  masterful  President  often 
played  a  part;  to  those  who  knew  the  secret  of  his  power  there  was 
never  a  question  of  his  sincerity.     For  he  first  apphed  to  himself  the 


APPRECIATIONS  245 

method  which  he  afterward  brought  to  bear  on  others.  He  was  never 
satisfied  until  he  had  a  clear  mental  picture,  a  definite  plan.  He 
would  grope  for  such  clean-cut  images;  he  welcomed  baffling  prob- 
lems, almost  it  seemed  at  times,  for  the  pure  joy  of  finding  a  way  out. 
Gradually  out  of  desultory  talk  or  methodic  canvass  a  leading  idea 
would  emerge,  difficulties  would  be  swept  away,  and  final  formulation 
would  follow.  Then,  as  he  turned  the  new^  plan  over  in  his  mind,  his 
enthusiasm  would  rise,  and  his  undaunted  will  would  rush  on  to  bring 
the  thing  to  pass.  It  was  these  vivid  mental  pictures  which  he  could 
so  graphicaUy  transfer  to  other  minds,  together  with  the  compelling 
feeling  which  turns  thinking  into  doing. 

Some  men  he  took  by  storm  in  this  way;  upon  others  he  brought  to 
bear  the  machinery  of  logic.  His  premises  once  granted,  there  was 
little  chance  of  escape.  He  seemed  to  detach  himself  from  the  process 
much  as  though  it  w^re  a  kind  of  automatic  force  of  which  he  and  the 
other  were  more  or  less  helpless  spectators.  Even  when  one  detected 
a  flaw,  it  was  no  easy  task  to  make  the  point  against  the  energetic, 
sanguine  President.  Men  entered  his  office  antagonistic,  irresolute, 
despondent,  only  to  emerge  a  little  later  convinced,  determined,  even 
buoyant. 

Thus  the  leader's  dreams  and  desires,  made  vivid  and  convincing 
to  himself,  worked  his  will  in  others.  President  Harper's  philosophy 
of  personal  influence  is  admirably  summed  up  in  a  sentence  of  Arnold 
Toynbee :  "Apathy  can  only  be  overcome  by  enthusiasm,  and  enthu- 
siasm can  only  be  aroused  by  two  things:  first,  an  ideal  which  takes 
the  imagination  by  storm,  and,  second,  a  definite,  intefligible  plan  for 
carrying  that  ideal  out  into  practice." 

George  E.  Vincent. 

The  University  of  Chicago. 


No  one  could  long  know  Dr.  Harper  without  being  struck  wath  the 
numerous  and  exceedingly  varied  interests  which  absorbed  his  atten- 
tion. He  was  a  professor  of  Hebrew,  who  apparently  loved  nothing 
better  than  to  teach  his  students  in  that  and  its  kindred  tongues.  He 
was  profoundly  interested  in  developing  the  study  of  the  Enghsh 
Bible.  He  was  a  keen  and  intelhgent  critic  of  public  education.  He 
grasped  the  university  idea  most  comprehensively,  and  developed 
a  great  university.     He  had  a  profound  insight  into  the  needs  of  medi- 


246  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

cal  and  legal  education.  He  was  exceedingly  fond  of  editorial  work, 
and  was  the  founder  of  many  journals.  He  enjoyed  social  life  in  all 
forms,  and  found  a  peculiar  zest  in  the  study  of  men. 

In  all  these  and  many  other  ways  Dr.  Harper  found  an  outlet  for 
his  ever-abounding  energy ;  and  in  whatever  way  he  was  met  by  those 
especially  devoted  to  any  one  of  these  interests,  he  was  alert,  fully 
posted,  ready  to  meet  any  man  on  his  own  ground. 

His  sympathies  were  extraordinarily  catholic.  He  seemed  to  have 
no  prejudices,  and  was  always  eager  to  get  the  other  man's  point  of 
view.  This  point  of  view  he  might  or  might  not  make  his  own,  but  at 
least  he  felt  that  until  he  understood  it  he  could  not  form  a  safe  judg- 
ment of  his  own.  "Being  all  things  to  all  men"  he  interpreted  to 
mean  being  able  to  understand  how  every  man  thought  and  felt;  and 
in  the  many  expressions  of  human  nature  which  thus  came  to  him  he 
had  a  vivid  interest. 

Here,  it  seems  to  me,  lay  one  secret  of  his  power.  He  was  on  terms 
of  intelhgent  sympathy  with  all  sorts  and  conditions  of  men;  and  all 
found  him  ready  with  counsel,  with  help,  with  very  genuine  and  warm 
fellow-feeling.  His  influence,  therefore,  was  multiplied  many  times 
over.  It  was  like  the  day  of  Pentecost,  as  if  each  man  heard  him 
speak  in  his  own  tongue,  and  each  man  was  moved  accordingly. 

Here,  too,  lay  the  explanation  of  another  fact,  which  was  very  ob- 
vious especially  in  the  last  days.  Many  men,  of  many  kinds,  often 
having  little  in  common  one  with  another,  were  alike  in  their  warm 
and  strong  affection  for  Dr.  Harper.  It  was  not  mere  friendship;  it 
was  such  love  as  man  often  has  for  man,  binding  together  with 
tender  but  strong  ties  which  go  to  the  depths  of  one's  nature.  His 
hearty  sympathy  with  so  numerous  forms  of  life  and  thought  had 
drawn  to  him  the  lasting  affection  of  many  men. 

These  are  but  some  phases  of  one  of  the  most  complex  characters 
of  our  time,  and  one  of  the  most  lovable. 

Harry  Pratt  Judson. 

The  University  of  Chicago. 


A  mind  of  large  mold  and  wide  purview ;  a  growing  mind,  enlarging 
its  horizon  with  every  experience  and  readjusting  itself  with  every 
enlargement ;  a  comprehensive  mind,  broadly  sympathetic  with  schol- 
arly endeavor  in  manifold  forms;  a  progressive  mind,  yet  selectively 


APPRECIATIONS  247 

conservative;  almost  radical  in  the  field  of  its  own  scholarly  labors, 
markedly  cautious  in  less  familiar  fields ;  a  courageous  mind,  confident 
in  its  own  powers  and  in  the  wisdom  of  its  own  conclusions,  yet  some- 
times reserved  and  even  hesitant  in  adventuring  approved  endeavor; 
a  leading  mind,  pushing  out  boldly  on  the  educational  frontier  in  some 
quarters,  yet  led  reluctantly  in  others;  accurate  and  judicious  in  fore- 
cast in  the  main,  frankly  and  nobly  reversing  attitude  in  rare  instances 
of  error  of  judgment ;  tenacious  of  purpose,  yet  not  without  readiness 
to  yield  to  new  light  and  declared  conditions ;  phenomenally  quick  to 
perceive  the  essentials  in  new  propositions  and  to  measure  the  ratio  of 
values  when  contemplating  new  enterprises,  but  singularly  apprecia- 
tive of  details  in  maturing  plans  and  carrying  out  enterprises;  recep- 
tive to  suggestions  from  all  sources,  but  predisposed  to  remold  them 
into  phases  of  its  own;  fertile  in  original  devices;  ingenious  in  forming 
new  combinations;  resourceful  in  ways  and  means;  prompt  in  deci- 
sion; vigorous  in  action;  diplomatic  in  intercourse;  adroit  in  averting 
obstacles;  skilful  in  marshaling  co-operative  agencies;  persuasive  in 
presentation;  gifted  with  the  power  of  clear  and  effective  statement; 
superabounding  in  contagious  enthusiasm;  magnetic  in  personality; 
cheerful  in  spirit;  patient  under  criticism;  optimistic  in  outlook; 
staunch  in  the  defense  and  support  of  his  co-workers;  sympathetic 
with  the  individual  aspirations  of  colleagues  and  students — these  seem 
to  me  to  be  some,  only  some,  of  the  marked  characteristics  of  President 
Harper. 

T,  C.  Chamberlin. 
The  University  of  Chicago. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


EDGAR  J.  GOODSPEED 
The  University  of  Chicago 


BOOKS 


Elements  of  Hebrew.  Chicago,  privately  printed,  1881,  42  pages;  twentieth 
edition,  with  Index,  New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  1902,  200  pages. 

Hebrew  Vocabularies:  Lists  of  the  Most  Frequently  Occurring  Hebrew  Words. 
Chicago,  Max  Stern,  Goldsmith  &  Co.,  1882,  125  pages;  eighth  edition. 
New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  1898,  xiii+176  pages. 

A  Hebrew  Manual.     Chicago,  The  Hebrew  Book  Exchange,  1883,  86  pages. 

Lessons  of  the  Elementary  Course:  The  Hebrew  Correspondence  School, 
Morgan  Park,  111.  Chicago,  American  Publication  Society  of  Hebrew, 
1883,  160  pages. 

Lessons  of  the  Intermediate  Course:  The  Hebrew  Correspondence  School, 
Morgan  Park,  111.     Ibid.,  1884,  160  pages. 

Lessons  of  the  Progressive  Course:  The  Hebrew  Correspondence  School, 
Morgan  Park,  111.     Ibid.,  1884,  168  pages. 

Introductory  Hebrew  Method  and  Manual.  Second  edition,  rewritten,  ibid., 
1885,  170  +  93  pages;  fifteenth  edition.  New  York,  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons,  1904. 

Elements  of  Hebrew  Syntax  by  an  Inductive  Method.  New  York,  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons,  1888,  177  pages;  sixth  edition,  ibid.,  1901. 

An  Introductory  New  Testament  Greek  Method,  together  with  a  Manual  con- 
taining the  Text  and  Vocabulary  of  the  Gospel  of  John,  and  Lists  of 
Words,  and  the  Elements  of  New  Testament  Greek  Grammar.  (With 
R.  F.  Weidner.)  New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  1889,  xix  +  520  pages; 
eleventh  edition,  ibid.,  1904. 

The  Utterances  of  Amos  Arranged  Strophically.  Chicago,  The  University 
of  Chicago  Press,  1898,  19  pages.  (Reprinted  from  Biblical  World, 
Vol.  X[  1898],  pp.  86-89,  179-82,  251-56,  333-38-) 

The  Prospects  of  the  Small  College.  Chicago,  The  University  of  Chicago 
Press,  1900,  46  pages.    (Reprinted  in  The  Trend  in  Higher  Education,  1904.) 

The  Priestly  Element  in  the  Old  Testament:  An  Aid  to  Historical  Study. 
For  Use  in  Advanced  Bible  Classes.  (Constructive  Bible  Studies,  College 
Series.)  Chicago,  The  University  of  Chicago  Press,  1902,  151  pages.  (Re- 
printed from  Biblical  World,  Vol.  XVII  [1901],  pp.  46-54,  121-34,  206-20, 

248 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  249 

366-81,  450-62;  Vol.  XVIII  [1901],  pp.  56-63,  120-30,  204-17,  297-307, 
368-79,  468-87.)  Revised  and  enlarged  edition  (with  additional  chap- 
ters reprinted  from  Biblical  World,  Vol.  XIX  [1902],  pp.  132-46,  199-208, 
300-310,  443-55;  Vol.  XX  [1902],  pp.  48-57,  134-45),  ^bid.,  1905,  viii  + 
292  pages. 

The  Structure  of  the  Text  of  the  Book  of  Amos.  (University  of  Chicago 
Decennial  Publications,  First  Series,  Vol.  V.)  Chicago,  The  University 
of  Chicago  Press,  1904,  38  pages. 

Religion   and   the    Higher  Life.     Chicago,  The  University   of   Chicago   Press, 

1904,  x+  184  pages. 

The  Structure  of  the  Text  of  the  Book  of  Hosea.  Chicago,  The  University  of 
Chicago  Press,  1904,  51  pages.  (Repr'mtedhom  American  Journal  0}  Semitic 
Languages,  Yol.XVlI  [1900],  pp.  1-15;  Vol.  XX  [1904],  pp.  85-94;  Vol.  XXI 
[1904],  pp.  1-21.) 

The  Trend  in  Higher  Education.      Chicago,  The  University  of  Chicago  Press, 

1905,  xii  + 390  pages. 

The  Prophetic  Element  in  the  Old  Testament:  An  Aid  to  Historical  Study.  For 
Use  in  Advanced  Bible  Classes.  (Constructive  Bible  Studies,  College 
Series.)  Chicago,  The  University  of  Chicago  Press,  1905,  142  pages.  (Re- 
printed from  Biblical  World,  Vol.  XXIII  [1904],  pp.  50-58,  132-41,  212-23; 
Vol.  XXIV  [1904],  pp.  47-58,  128-36,  201-15,  292-300,  361-76,  448-61; 
Vol.  XXV  [1905],  pp.  52-61.) 

A  Critical  and  Exegetical  Commentary  on  Amos  and  Hosea.  (The  International 
Critical  Commentary.)  New  York,  Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  1905, 
clxxxi  +  424  pages. 

Official  Bulletins  and  Reports  as  President  of  the  University  of  Chicago.  Chi- 
cago, R.  R.  Donnelley  &  Sons,  1891-92;  The  University  of  Chicago  Press, 
1892-1906. 

Constructive  Bible  Studies:  Primary,  Secondary,  and  College  Series.  General 
editor  (with  Ernest  D.  Burton).  Chicago,  The  University  of  Chicago 
Press.     Five  volumes  ready. 

Ancient  Records.  General  editor.  Chicago,  The  University  of  Chicago  Press. 
Four  volumes  ready. 

An  Inductive  Series  of  Text  Books.     General  editor.     American  Book  Co. 

An  Inductive  Latin  Method.   (With  Isaac  B.  Burgess.)  1888,  xii-f-323  pages. 
An  Inductive  Greek  Method.     (With  W.  E.  Waters.)     1888,  355  pages. 
An  Inductive  Latin  Primer.     (With   Isaac  B.   Burgess.)     189 1,  viii  +  424 

pages. 
Eight  Books  of  Caesar's  Gallic  War.     (With  H.  C.  Tolman.)    1891,  viii-l-527 

pages. 
The  iEneid  of  Vergil.     (With  Frank  J.  Miller. ")     1892,  461  pages. 


2 so  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

The  i^neid  (six  books"),  and  Bucolics  of  Vergil.  (With  Frank  J.  Miller.) 
1892,  x  +  564  pages. 

Xenophon'sAnabasis  (seven  books).    (With  James  Wallace.)    1893,  575  pages. 

An  Inductive  Greek  Primer.     (With  Clarence  F.  Castle.)    1893,  4^6  pages. 

Exercises  in  Greek  Prose  Composition,  Based  on  Books  I-IVof  Xenophon's 
Anabasis,  together  with  Inductive  Studies  in  the  Uses  of  the  Greek 
Modes.     (With  Clarence  F.  Castle.)     1893,  128  pages. 

Inductive  Studies  in  English.     (With  Isaac  B.  Burgess.)     1894,  96  pages. 

A  Teachers'  Manual  for  an  Inductive  Latin  Primer.  (With  Isaac  B.  Bur- 
gess.)    1898,  25  pages. 

Ten  Orations  of  Cicero,  vi^ith  Selections  from  the  Letters.     (With  Frank  A. 

Gallup.)     1898,  566  pages.; 
Elements  of  Lat'n.     (With  Isaac  B.  Burgess.)     1900,  320  pages. 

ARTICLES 
Some  "Hebrew"  Facts.     Hebrew  Student,  Vol.  II  (1882),  pp.  33-36. 
Is  the  Book  of  Jonah  Historical?     Old   Testament  Student,  Vol.   Ill  (1883), 

PP-  33-39,  65-73,  225-34. 
The  Purpose  of  Hebraica.     Hebraica,  Vol.  I  (1884),  pp.  1-5. 
Old  Testament  Studies:     An  Announcement.     Old    Testament  Student,  Vol.  V 

(1885-86),  pp.  274-75. 
A  Book  Study:     First  Samuel.     Ibid.,  pp.  312-17. 
A  Book  Study:     Second  Samuel.     Ibid.,  pp.  343-47. 
A  Book  Study:     First  and  Second  Samuel.     Ibid.,  pp.  376-80,  407-11. 
Notes  for  Beginners.     Hebraica,  WoL  II  (1885-86),  pp.  178-82,  244-47. 
A   Chapter  Study:     Jacob's  Blessing  (^Gen.  XLIX).     Old    Testament  Student, 

Vol.  VI  (1886-87),  PP-  79-83- 
A  Book  Study:     I,  Genesis  I-XI;  II,  Genesis  XII-L.   Ibid.,  pp.  117-22, 164-66. 
Bible  Study  in  the  Pastorate:     Figures  and  Facts.     Ibid.,  pp.  131-35. 
The  Study  of  the  Bible  by  College  Students.     Ibid.,  pp.  192-202. 
A  Book  Study:     Exodus.     Ibid.,  pp.  203-8. 
Inductive  Bible  Studies:     Introductory.     (With  Willis  J.  Beecher   and    G.    S. 

Burroughs.)     Old  Testament  Student,  Vol.  VII  (1887-88),  pp.  21-23. 

Books  of  Samuel,  Kings,  and  Chronicles.     (Inductive  Bible  Study,  with  Willis 
J.  Beecher.)     Ibid.,  pp.  24-26. 

The  Psalms  of  David:     First  Period;  Second  Period;  Third  Period.   (Inductive 
Bible  Studies.)     Ibid.,  pp.  93-102. 

Proverbs  I-XXIV,  XXV-XXXI,  and  the  Book  as  a  Whole.      (Inductive  Bible 
Studies.)     Ibid.,  pp.  128-33. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  251 

Israel  and  Judah  during  the  Dynasties  of   Jeroboam    and  Baasha;    Israel  and 

Judah  during  Omri's  Dynasty;    Elijah,  Elisha,  and  Their  Fellow-Prophets; 

Israel  and  Judah  during  the  First  Three  Reigns  of  the  Dynasty  of  Jehu. 

(Inductive  Bible  Studies,  with  Willis  J.  Beecher.)     Ibid.,  pp.  153-67. 
Israel  and  Judah  in  the   Reigns  of  Jeroboam  II  and    Menahem.     (Inductive 

Bible  Study,  with  Willis  J.  Beecher.)     Ihid.,  pp.  195-98. 
An  Old  Testament  Librarj'.     Ibid.,  pp.  223-25. 
Isaiah  I-XII.     (Inductive  Bible  Study.)     Ibid.,  pp.  290-96. 
The  Psalms  of  Asaph.     (Inductive  Bible  Study.)     Ibid.,  pp.  296-98. 
The  Psalms  of  the  Sons  of  Korah.     (Inductive  Bible  Study.)    Ibid.,  pp.  298,  299. 
Jeremiah.     (Inductive  Bible  Study.)     Ibid.,  pp.  328-30. 
Forty  Studies  on  the  Life  of  Christ,  Based  on  the  Gospel  of  Mark.     (Inductive 

Bible    Studies,    Second    Series.)      Ibid.,  Vol.   VIII  (1888-89),   PP-   3i~4°> 

72-80,  112-20,  153-60,  193-200,  233-40,  273-80,  313-20,  351-60,  394-400. 
Report  of  the  Principal  of  Schools  of  the  American  Institute  of  Hebrew  (1888). 

Ibid.,  pp.  224-28. 
Semitic  Study  in  the  University.     Hebraica,  Vol.  V  (1888-89),  PP-  83-85. 
The    Pentateuchal    Question.  I,    ibid.,  Vol.  V  (1888-89),  PP-  i8-73;  H.    ^^^'^■j 

pp.  243-91;  III,  Vol.  VI  (1889-90),  pp.  1-48;  IV,  ibid.,  pp.  241-95. 
Saul,    Samuel,   David,  and   Solomon.     (Inductive  Bible  Studies,  Third   Series.) 

Old  and  New  Testament  Student,  Vol.  IX  (1889-90),   pp.   37-50,  103-11, 

178-86,  233-42,  298-307,  353-64. 
"Vale  Rationalism."     Ibid.,  pp.  52-54. 

The  Life  and  Times  of  the  Christ,  Based  on  Luke.     (With    George    S.  Good- 
speed.)     Ibid.,  Vol.  X  (1890),  pp.  35-54,  109-17,  169-80,  228-36,  301-10, 

358-66. 
The  Gospel  of  John.     Theme:     Jesus  Manifested  as  the  Son  of  God.      Studies. 

(With  George  S.  Goodspeed.)     Ibid.,   Vol.  XII  (1891),  pp.  43-52,  102-11, 

170-80   (also    181-83),    221-33,    289-303,     351-66;     Vol.     XIII     (1891), 

pp.  41-51.  108-19,  165-74,  234-45,  288-99,  358-69- 
Biblical  Terms  in  the  Standard  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,  editor  in 

charge  of,  1893-95. 
The  First  Hebrew  Story  of  Creation.   Biblical  World,  Vol.  Ill  (1894),  pp.  6-16. 
The  Origin  of  Man  and  His  First  State  of  Innocence.     Ibid.,  pp.  97-108. 
Paradise  and  the  First  Sin:     Genesis  III.     Ibid.,  pp.  176-88. 
The  Fratricide;  the  Cainite  Civilization:     Genesis  IV.     Ibid.,  pp.  264-74. 
The  Long-Lived  Antediluvians:     Genesis  V.     Ibid.,  pp.  440-48. 
Hebrew  Stories  of  the  Deluge.     Ibid.,  Vol.  IV  (1894),  pp.  20-31. 
The  Deluge  in  Other  Literatures  and  in  History.     Ibid.,  pp.  114-23. 
Some  General  Considerations  Relating  to  Genesis  I-XI.     Ibid.,  pp.  184-201. 


252  THE  BIBLICAL  WORLD 

The  Human  Element  in  the  Early  Stories  of  Genesis.     Ibid.,  pp.  266-78. 

The  Divine  Element  in  the  Early  Stories  of  Genesis.     Ihid.,  pp.  349-58. 

A  Theory   of   the    Divine   and   Human    Elements   in    Genesis   I-XI.     Ibid., 

pp.  407-20. 
The  Foreshadowings  of  the  Christ  in  the  Old  Testament.    Ibid.,  Vol.  VI  (1895), 

pp.  401-11. 
Outline  Topics  in  the  History  of  the  Old  Testament  Prophecy.     Ibid.,  Vol.  VII 

(1896),  pp.  39-45,  120-29,    199-206,    273-79,    352-58;    Vol.  VIII   (1896), 

PP-  37-45,  221-28,  280-88,  364-75. 
Child  Prophecies  of  Isaiah.     Ibid.,  pp.  417-22. 
The   Statement    at   the  Laying    of   the  Corner-Stone   of  the  Haskell  Oriental 

Museum.     Ibid.,  pp.  85,  86. 
The  Address  of  Acceptance  at  the  Dedication  of  the  Haskell  Oriental  Museum. 

Ibid.,  pp.  107-10. 
The  Work  of  Isaiah.     Ibid.,  Vol.  X  (1897),  pp.  48-57. 
Suggestions  concerning  the  Original   Text   and   Structure  of  Amos  1:3 — 2:5. 

American  Journal  0}  Theology,  Vol.  I  (1897),  pp.  140-45. 
Shall  the  Theological  Curriculum  Be  Modified  ?     Ibid.,  Vol.  Ill  (1899),  pp.  45-66. 
The  Jews  in  Babylon.     Biblical  World,  Vol.  XIV  (1899),  pp.  104-11. 
The  Return  of  the  Jew^s  from  Exile.     Ibid.,  pp.  157-63. 
The   Priestly    Element    in   the   Old  Testament,  as  Seen  in  the  Laws.     Ibid , 

258-66. 
The  Utterances  of  Hosea  Arranged  Strophically.      Ibid.,   Vol.  XXIV  (1904), 

pp.  412-30. 
Numerous    Editorials    in  Hebrew   Student,  1882-83;    Old    Testament  Student, 

1883-88;    Old  and  New  Testament  Student,  1889-92;  diud  Biblical  World, 

1893-1905. 


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Railway 

Mail  Service ; 

A  Historical 

Sketch 


E.  D. 

KENNA 

of  the  Atchison, 

Topeka  &  Sante 

Fe  Railway 

Railway 
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LUIS 
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Milwaukee  &  St. 

Paul  Railway 

Railways  as 
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Development 


PAUL 
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FRANKLIN 
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Chicago 

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H.  K.  BROOKS 

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Foreign  Exchange 


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It  ought  to  have  a  prominent  place 
in  every  office  and  business  house. 

Copies  sent  free  for  25  cents  (stamps 
will  do)  to  pay  transportation,  etc. 


iBurlin^ton 
Route 


p  120 


Address  P.  S.  EUSTIS, 
Map   Depi  .  7 

209  Adams   St.,  Chicago,  III. 


The  20th 
Century  Piano 

Any  piece  of  music  sounds  better  on  a 

STROHBER    PIANO 

Price    and    Terms   are    better   too 
Direct  from  the  Manufacturers 

STROHBER  PIANO  CO,,Chicago 


H  Y  L  O 


A  Short  Ctit 
to  Comfort 

The  "Long  Distance"  HYLO 
(shown  in  the  illustration)  is 
just  right  for  the  man  who 
reads  in  bed.  ^  Cord  snaps 
on  like  a  glove 
V  fastener.      Any  - 

body  can  put  it 
in  place  without 
tools.  The  porta- 
ble switch  turns 
the  light  high  or 
low  or  entirely 
out.  Switch  lasts 
indefinitely.  On- 
ly the  lamp  needs 
to  be  replaced 
when  burned  out. 
Cords  can  be  any 
length  desired. 


Look  for  the 
name  HYLO 
and  refuse  im- 
itations. 


Twelve  styles  of  HYLO  lamps. 
Send  forCatalogue  and  booklet 
"How  to  Read  Your  Meter." 


THE    PHELPS  COMPANY 

106  STATE  STREET    DETROIT,  U.S.A. 


BAUSCH  (SL  LOMB 
PROJECTION 
APPARATUS 

^He  most  complete  lecture 
room  projector  ever  pro- 
duced. Lantern  slides  and 
microscopic  objects  sHo'tvn 
co>\sectiti'vely  'w  i  t  H  o  ut 
cHan^e  of  li^Ht  or  recenter- 
ing. 

Catalog  C  on  request 
BatiscH  (S2>  L^omb    Optical  Co. 

Mann/ncturers  Microscopes,  Photographic  Lenses 
and  Shutters,  Eyeglass  Lenses,  Field  Glasses,  etc. 

R.ocHester,  N.  Y. 

Ne'w  YorK  Chicago 

Boston  iSan  Francisco 

FranKfurt  A  m  Germany 


MODERN  EDUCATIONAL  METHODS  APPLIED  TO  RELIGIOUS  TRAINING 

This  characterizes  the  purpose  and  plan  of  the 

Constructive  Bible  Studies 


FOR   PUPILS  OF  THE   SECONDARY   DIVISION 

we  recommend  Studies  in  the  Gospel  According  to  Mark,  by  Ernest  DeWitt  Burton.  The  author 
has  in  view  a  two-fold  purpose  :  first,  to  help  the  pupil,  through  a  study  of  the  Gospel  of  Mark,  to 
acquire  a  knowledge  of  the  life  of  Jesus,  and  to  come  into  sympathetic  acquaintance  with  him  ;  and, 
secondly,  to  help  him  to  form  the  habit  of  coming  to  all  the  books  of  the  Bible,  with  the  question  : 
"What  does  it  mean?"  The  book  contains  explanatory  notes,  questions  requiring  written  replies, 
and  helpful  suggestions  for  pupils  and  teachers. 

FOR  TEACHERS  OF  CHILDREN 

from  8  to  1 1  years  of  age,  the  book  entitled  An  Introduction  to  the  Bible  for  Teachers  of  Children, 
by  Georgia  L.  Chamberlin,  will  prove  especially  helpful.  This  has  been  used  not  only  in  the 
elementary  grade  of  the  Sunday  school,  but  by  Mothers'  clubs  and  similar  organizations  as  well. 

The  price  of  these  books  is  $i.oo  each  postpaid.     Special  rates  will  be  given  on  orders  for  five  copies 
and  over.     Specimen  pages  sent  upon  request. 

ADDRESS  DEPARTMENT— 

THE    UNIVERSITY  of  CHICAGO    PRESS 

CHICA.GO  and  156  FiftH  Aventie,  NE'W  YORK 


THE  HAMMOND  TYPEWRITER 


SOME  HAMMOND  ADVANTAGES 

Visible  Writing 
Interchangeable  Languages 
Changeable  Type 
Unlimited  Speed 
Ease  of  Operation 
Any  Width  of  Paper 
Tabulating  Facilities 
Perfect  Alignment 
Automatic  Impression 
Great  Durability 


THE   HAMMOND   TYPEWRITER   COMPANY 

Factory  a.nd  Genera.1  Offices, 

69th  to  70th  Streets  and  East  River,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


MEDICAL  OPINIONS  OF 

BUFFALO 

LithiaWater 

"All  the  Argument  Necessary." 
The  International  Journal  of  Surgery,  August,  1905,  under  the  heading 

"Cystitis,"  says  :   "  In  the  treatment  of  Cystitis,  water  is  the  great  aid  to  all  forms  of 

medication.  RnE'Piiin  I ITUIH  WATrD  ^^  ^^^  '**®^'  *®'"'"  '"  ^•''^'^  ^®  administer 
Moreover,   DUEr/UAf  Lllnilt  IfAltK    jt  to  the  Cystitic  patient,  as  it  is  not 

only  a  pure  solvent,  but  has  the  additional  virtue  of  containing  substantial  quantitit-s  of 

the  Alkaline  Lithates.     Patients  should  be  encouraged  to  take  two  quarts  per  day,  if 

they  can,  and  the  relief  they  will  obtain  will  be  all  the  argument  necessary  after  the 

first  day  or  so." 

"The  Results  Satisfy  Me  of  Its  Extraordinary  Value." 

Dr.   Jos.    Holt,   of  New  Orleans,  Ex-Presidefit  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  of. 
Louisiana,    says:  q  ^  m  ntiig  Watpp    ^"    affections   of  the   kidneys   and 

"  I  have  prescribed  DUFFALO  LITfllA  WATEK  urinary  passages,  particularly  in 
Gouty  subjects,  in  Albuminuria,  and  in  irritable  condition  of  the  Bladder  and 
Urethra  in  females.  The  results  satisfy  me  of  its  extraordinary  value  in  a  large  class 
of  cases  usually  most  difficult  to  treat." 

"I  Have  Witnessed  Decided  Beneficial  Results  from  Its  Use." 

Wm.   B.  TowleS,   M.  D.,  forvierly  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Materia  Medica  of 

the  University  of  Vir-  n,|-,-«im  1 IXUIM  lIlATrW  ^^^  marked  in  causing  a  disap- 
^mz«.-  ''The  effects  of  DUfritLU  Lit fllA  If AlfcK  pearance  of  Albumin  from  the 
urine,  and  in  certain  stages  of  Bright's  Disease  I  have  witnessed  decided  beneficial 
results  from  its  use." 

"Results,  to  Say  the  Least,  Very  Favorable." 

T.  GriSWOld  ComstOCk,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  says:  "I  have 
made  d„-.-~,-^  «  ,-»--- i4fj«pro  ^^  gynecological  practice,  in  women  suffering 
use  of  DUfritLU  LllfllAlfAICin  from  acute  Uraemic  conditions,  with  results, 
to  say  the  least,  very  favorable." 

Additional  medical  testimony  on  request,  ]    r\ 

For  sale  by  the  general  drug  and  mineral  water  trade.  95 S 

PROPRIETOR  BUFFALO  LITHIA  SPRINGS,  VIRGINIA.       \V^i] 

RhR£ 


Holds  America's  Highest  Prize 

Walter  Baker  &  Co.'s 

Breakfast  Cocoa 


Finest  in  the 
World 

46 


HIGHEST 

AWARDS  IN 

EUROPE 

AND 
AMERICA 


Sold  in  _^-lb.  and  ^-Ib.  Cans 

WALTER  BAKER  &  CO.  Limited 

Established  1780  DORCHESTER,  MASS. 


'T'O  insure  a  healthful  home  and  prevent  sick- 
ness,  purify  the  cellar,  closets,  sinks,  drains, 
dusty  or  damp  corners  and  cracks — nooks  be- 
hind plumbing,  and  every  spot  where  disease 
germs  may  develop,  with 


atts 


THE  HOUSEHOLD 

DISINFECTANT 


An  odorless,  colorless,  liquid,  which  destroys  foul 

odor  and  Disease-Breeding  matter.     When  diluted 

with  ten  parts  of  water  for  household  use,  it  costs  less 

than  ^cents  aquart.  Sold  everywhere  in  quart  bottles. 

Prepared  only  by  Henry  B.  Platt,  N.  Y.         3 


HAND  SAP  OLIO  DOES,  by  a  method  of  its  own,  what  other  soap 
cannot  do.  If  you  want  a  velvet  skin,  don't  PUT  ON  preparations,  bat 
TAKE  OFF  the  dead  skin,  and  let  the  new  perfect  cuticle  furnish  its  own 
beauty. 


FINGERS  ROUGHENED  by  needlework  catch  every  stain,  and  look 
hopelessly  dirty.  HAND  SapOLIO  will  remove  not  only  the  dirt,  but  also 
the  loosened,  injured  cuticle,  and  restore  to  the  fingers  their  natural  beauty. 


AFTER  A  REFRESHING  BATH  with  Hand  SapOLIO,  every  one 
of  the  2,381,248  healthily  opened  pores  of  your  skin  will  shout,  as  through 
a  trumpet,  **For  this  relief,  much  thanks.'*  Five  minutes  with  HAND 
SapOLIO  equals  hours  of  so-called  Health  Exercises.    Its  use  is  a  fine  habit. 


vose 


PIANOS 


have  been  established  over  50  YEARS.  By  our  system  of 
payments  every  family  in  moderate  circnmstances  can  own 
a  VOSE  piano.  We  take  old  instruments  in  exchange  and 
deliver  the  new  piano  in  your  home  free  of  expense. 
Write  for  Catalogue  D  and  explanations. 

VOSE  &  SONS  PIANO  CO.,  160  Boylston  St.,  Boston,  IVlass. 


